The Seven Seas From Ancient Times to the Modern Era

While a sea is generally defined as a large lake that contains saltwater, or a specific portion of an ocean, the idiom Sail the seven seas, is not so easily defined. Sail the seven seas is a phrase that is said to have been used by sailors, but does it actually refer to a specific set of seas? Many would argue yes, while others would disagree. There has been much debate as to whether or not this is in reference to seven actual seas and if so, which ones? Seven Seas as a Figure of Speech? Many believe that the seven seas is simply an idiom that refers to sailing many or all of the oceans of the world. The term is believed to have been popularized by Rudyard Kipling who published an anthology of poetry titled The Seven Seas in 1896. The phrase can now be found in popular songs such as, Sailing on the Seven Seas by Orchestral ​Manoevres in the Dark, Meet Me Halfway by Black Eyed Peas, Seven Seas by Mob Rules, and Sail over the Seven Seas by Gina T. Significance of the Number Seven Why seven seas? Historically, culturally, and religiously, the number seven is a very significant number. Isaac Newton identified seven colors of the rainbow, there are Seven Wonders of the ancient world, seven days of the week, seven dwarves in the fairy tale Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, the seven-day story of creation, the seven branches on a Menorah, seven Chakras of meditation, and seven heavens in Islamic traditions -- just to name a few instances. The number seven appears again and again throughout history and stories, and because of this, there is much mythology surrounding its importance. The Seven Seas in Ancient and Medieval Europe This list of the seven seas is believed by many to be the original seven seas as defined by the sailors of ancient and Medieval Europe. The majority of these seven seas are located around the Mediterranean Sea, very close to home for these sailors. 1) The Mediterranean Sea - This sea is attached to the Atlantic Ocean and many early civilizations developed around it, including Egypt, Greece, and Rome and it has been called the cradle of civilization because of this. 2) The Adriatic Sea - This sea separates the Italian peninsula from the Balkan peninsula. It is part of the Mediterranean Sea. 3) The Black Sea - This sea is an inland sea between Europe and Asia. It is also connected to the Mediterranean Sea. 4) The Red Sea - This sea is a narrow strip of water extending south from Northeast Egypt and it connects to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. It is connected today to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal and is one of the most heavily-traveled waterways in the world. 5) The Arabian Sea - This sea is the Northwestern part of the Indian Ocean between India and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia). Historically, it was a very important trade route between India and the West and remains such today. 6) The Persian Gulf - This sea is a part of the Indian Ocean, located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. There has been dispute as to what its actual name is so it is also sometimes known as the Arabian Gulf, The Gulf, or The Gulf of Iran, but none of those names are recognized internationally. 7) The Caspian Sea - This sea is located on the Western edge of Asia and the Eastern edge of Europe. It is actually the largest lake on the planet. It is called a sea because it contains saltwater. The Seven Seas Today Today, the list of Seven Seas that is most widely accepted is inclusive of all of the bodies of water on the planet, which are all part of the one global ocean. Each is technically an ocean or section of ocean by definition, but most geographers accept this list to be the actual Seven Seas: 1) North Atlantic Ocean2) South Atlantic Ocean3) North Pacific Ocean4) South Pacific Ocean5) Arctic Ocean6) Southern Ocean7) Indian Ocean

Characteristics of Effective Counseling - 654 Words

What personal qualities or characteristics might enhance someones ability to be an effective individual and group counselor? Clearly, compassion, caring, and genuine concern are all prerequisites for effective counseling. Yet there are also specific subsets of characteristics, traits, attitudes, beliefs, values, behaviors, and experiences that help a counselor become more effective for their clients. These characteristics differ according to whether the counselor operates in primarily an individual or group setting. Moreover, the counselors theoretical orientation has a large impact on what personal characteristics will prove effective in practice. As Ponton (2012) points out, effective counseling is a two-way street. It takes cooperative effort by both the person receiving counseling and the counselor. Therefore, motivation of the client has a huge bearing on the effectiveness of the counselor. The counselor is often placed in the position of being a coach, in order to bring out the best and most productive characteristics in the client. One of the most important skills for a counselor to have, whether for group or individual sessions, is acute critical thinking skills that enable identification of disorders or dysfunction. Discernment is therefore a prerequisite for effective counseling. An effective counselor can identify negative thinking patterns that may be feeding feelings of sadness, depression or anxiety, (Ponton, 2012). In addition to critical thinking andShow MoreRelatedEssay Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling1190 Words   |  5 Pages Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling In order for the counseling process to be effective for the client the characteristics and behaviors of the mental health counselor must be effective. 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Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’ Free Essays

string(200) " the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ‘Report of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual People’ in April 2000 \(Home Office\)\." Transphobia is a recent phenomenon in the forum of Social Work and inequalities; a term that’s tagged on at the end of the line of inequalities faced by people from the differing community factions that don’t fit into the mould of societal norms of traditionally white, patriarchal expectations. Despite the profusion of papers on wider transgender issues, there is a paucity of research discussing Social Worker and Mental Health practitioner interventions and their considered roles; this is given the emergence of trans issues in the UK thus highlighting the nascent need for debate. Consideration has to be given to the conflicts that exist on the use of the transgender label, and specifically how it fits in with existence of the bi-polar binary gender system (Monro 2002); practitioners ought to consider a wider remit that includes not just the traditionally considered core elements of transsexual and transvestite people, but notably, the three different spheres of transgenderism which embraces those who are biologically, socially or morphologically transgendered (Laframbiose 2003), moreover, the realisation that the philosophies and politics behind the issues of transgenderism no longer belongs to a small community that practitioners will rarely come across in their careers, but instead on a daily basis to a whole range of individuals that do not adopt society’s typically patriarchal expectations of male and female, including those that fit outside the bi-polar gender binary system but who do not adopt the trans label. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new reality that practitioners face is that, daily, there is increasing potential of working with individuals who deviate from the traditional notion of gender binaries, including those people who arguably deviate to a trans role, but who don’t adopt the label though non-the-less experience transphobia; a contradiction in terms requiring pause for constructive reflection. Initial stages of practitioner intervention In order to ascertain practitioner roles, there is a need for full appreciation of the barriers in conforming to the norms of the wider society in general. Traditional psychological paradigms are starting to move with mental health providers working towards de-pathologising trans individuals as having ‘normal’ mental health (Cole and Meyer, 1998 in Raj, 2002); the inference here is that transgender is not a psychological problem, but more that the problem is handed over to individuals in society who fail to recognise the unconventional variations of gender roles and identity; a similar pattern follows with the social model of disability, which argues that it isn’t the impairments that causes the problems of disability, but that the responsibility for disability is placed squarely on society (Oliver, 1990); I argue that this lateral notion is no different, perhaps pioneering a new definition and need for nascent debate for a ‘Social Model of Transgenderismâ⠂¬â„¢. Practitioners should adopt clear aims to apply the ‘core values’ of Social Work (Thompson, 2000), thus ensuring they work within an anti-oppressive framework which empowers trans individuals to access a range of services to which they are entitled. According to observations by Raj (2002), there is the requirement to express an attitude that is respectful, sensitive, accepting, validating, affirming, empathic, caring, compassionate, encouraging, supportive, and mutually trusting and trustworthy; the Social Model notion mentioned earlier would benefit the relationship between the ‘service provider and customer’; Raj goes on to add that this approach ensures an honest negotiation for services that is informed by a mutual contract of respect and trust for each other; this is currently negated by the specific experiences of transsexual people in the UK who are subjected to various hoops to obtain the treatments they desire, as according to Eyre in her work for Charing Cross, she advises the need for gender identity clinics to become more client focused (1999), signifying that potential conflicts still exist between professionals and differing trans client groups who fear personally negative outcomes of practitioner interventions, an issue that should to be addressed to ensure that the needs of transgender people are being considered appropriately and respectfully. Roles within practitioner intervention The three main areas of work with which practitioners are concerned with are to work effectively and efficiently with trans individuals following standards of conduct laid down by the GSCC (2002), to work effectively with the agencies who can assist trans people and thirdly, to use a pertinent role enabling individuals to move forward with their lives, roles that are important to enable individuals contend with feelings of despair and a lack of self worth, some even attempt suicide; furthermore, according to Monro (2000), she broadly writes; ‘Economic exclusion is one example of transphobia, unless gender ambiguous people are able to successfully ‘pass’ as male or female, are frequently victims of violence and abuse and like intersex people, are socially invisible with hardly any representation in the media, social policy and sexual minorities, and lack service provision in areas such as education, the family and the penal system.’ If trans people regularly experience these ranges of prejudices, the urgency becomes clear for practitioners to engage trans individuals in resolving these injustices, therefore facilitating their rightful integration as equal citizens; furthermore, the ‘National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors’ indicates that not all trans individuals are at the same stage of self-acceptance and identity development (1999); this suggests that there are issues to be addressed in terms of trans people’s comfort levels in coming out and disclosing their minority status. Any practitioner’s intervention should assess for individual’s development in terms of their mental health, stress levels, self concept and access to social supports. Recognising that discrimination against trans people is pervasive in this society (T.A.P. 1999), practitioners are faced with issues of prejudices experienced on a daily basis by individuals which includes being denied housing, employment, medical treatment, legal protection or some aspects of ‘hate crime’ in the community. During 1999, transsexual individuals met with key figures at a local health authority to look at patient’s clinical needs as they would for any other group (PFC, 1999); this experience contributed to the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ‘Report of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual People’ in April 2000 (Home Office). You read "Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’" in category "Papers" This experience simply highlights how by acting in a significant ‘activist’ role and engaging individuals in small, localised issues of concern, can prove to be a stimulating and empowering experience and shows how such efforts by trans people can be used to good effect in proposals for a national governmental initiative thus helping to further break down the barriers of transphobia. As ‘advocates’, it is essential to recognise the difficult positions that some trans individuals find themselves. Given that advocacy is something we approach others to take on board (Scottish Executive 2002) trans people become vulnerable as a result of the transphobic prejudices they face whether on a national scale via bad media experiences, or more directly from incidents within the local community. Some trans people do not have the close connections of friends and family to give the support that is required. The practitioner’s role in this case would be to ensure that trans individuals have a facility to speak out so that their views and feelings can be expressed in a safe environment without prejudice, and being an effective advocate that sees things from a trans persons perspective can empower individuals to make their own decisions, work a way forward and make some waves to resolve their difficulties. This has to be done on their terms and allows them to be in control of the whole process; for example, it is easy for advocates to do everything on an individual’s behalf, though is it only true advocacy if the trans individual was given the power to decide whether the practitioner acts on their behalf, or acts as an influential professional enabling the individual to do things for themselves. Practitioners effectively act as the link between individuals and the agencies and resources available to them. An example of the work of a ‘broker’ is perhaps that of the financial advisor, familiar with the availability of financial packages; in this respect, the practitioner needs to have a very clear knowledge of the agencies, services and packages available to the trans individual. Despite scant resources, there are important organisations including, but not limited to, the Gender Trust, Beaumont Society, GIRES and PFC, each offering specific roles to trans people. One of the aims of GIRES (2003), is to provide education on gender identity issues; they offer financial support for the educational work carried on at local level by trans people who are unemployed or on low incomes. Understanding the eligibility of these funding resources is just as important as realising the different target groups that each of the remaining organisations are aimed at. In carrying out day to day work, the ‘Trans-Yorks Project (2003) gives inspirational examples of work undertaken by trans people within Yorkshire and Humberside; Trans-Yorks is an organisation run for and by trans people, though needless to say, many lessons can be learnt from observing a project giving ideas for practitioners to take on board in other areas. The founding ‘coordinator’ also acted as the ‘initiator’ who was responsible for bringing together the components of the voluntary organisation in so many different ways, which ranged from providing a telephone support helpline, discussion e-mail list, resourceful website, newsletter, information library, fundraising and social events. What resulted was the development of a constitution and a committee of trans people charged with the daily running of the groups’ activities forging what is a forward thinking voluntary organisation which empowers local trans people to partake in the wider community and raise their own sense of identity, confidence and self esteem. Much can be learned here in developing the same resources elsewhere in the UK. ‘Educating’ others about the issues of transphobia and trans lifestyles requires practitioners to become fully informed; they need to be ‘knowledgeable’ in order to be effective, and can certainly provide a useful role in highlighting to trans individuals that the problems they have may well not be of their doing; certainly, being ‘told’ that they have been the subjects of ‘victimisation’, ‘bullying’ and ‘harassment’ can be empowering, and moreover, engages individuals to realise that there are acts, resources and agencies that can assist in overcoming the problems they face. An example is that the Protection from Harassment Act (1997) can be a powerful tool in engaging the individual with their local police force to resolve issues of ‘hate’ crimes that have been made against them. Issues arise if the practitioner is not able to communicate this information effectively so that it is easily understood. Practitioners are often engaged in an ‘Enabler’ role with individuals; enabling a trans individual to cope with ‘transitional’ stress from one gender to another, in being able to come to terms with, find and accept their own sense of gender identity, along with developing their place in the community is an important role to acknowledge. CCETSW (in Thompson 2000) explained the process of ensuring people have opportunities to explore their own strengths, and then break down the problems that they have into components so that they could be tackled more easily; this process will generally include establishing some aims and goals such as ascertaining access to education, obtaining and maintaining work, or simply finding new friends in the local community. Issues arise in overcoming trans people’s sense of poor self esteem and confidence, and so counselling skills formed from social work theories can be used in collaboration with other agencies and community projects, proving of benefit to the trans individual. It is worth noting that the majority of trans people, once they have settled their identity along the gender spectrum, often feel quite happy and contribute to society; however, there are some individuals who would benefit from being informed about the benefits of social work interventions at a level that best suits them, but which does not oppress them into an interventionists ‘contract’. A key task for practitioners is being involved with facilitating activities with local client groups, thus encouraging people to bring their ideas together either in brainstorming sessions, or opportunities that contribute to policy development or new initiatives to benefit the trans community and self defined by the group itself. As the ‘facilitator’ in these situations, the essential part of a regular role for practitioners. According to Iowa State University (1992), developing a partnership of trust and ensuring everyone is fully involved in unity to achieve an agreed objective is the most essential task. This is a process that worked very well for Bockting et al (1999) who were charged with the task of getting together community representatives to develop an educational HIV prevention package for transgender people; the effective facilitation of this project resulted in increased partnership which led to a more effective campaign working towards promoting better health amongst transgender people. As in any other community, conflicts and problems do arise, and one of the key practitioner roles in any case is that of ‘mediation’ in order to resolve conflicts and problems not just for the trans individuals, but also those closely related to them; one example specifically relates to a call in mediation in relation to trans parents, their partners and their children and often, Social Work practitioners are called in by the Children’s a Families section to make an assessment in terms of The Children Act 1989 and the Family Law Act 1996. According to Press for Change (2002) when a custody battle develops, the courts reluctantly award custody to the trans parent thus frequently place very severe restrictions on access, sometimes wholly forbidding access; this relates well with the fact that s.1 of The Children Act (1989) considers the interests of the child as being paramount and commonly, the trans birth parent will often feel oppressed and discriminated against; this is further compounded by the fact that the other parent and their social worker might assess that children could be disturbed by contact with a parent that has a trans identity. This therefore necessitates the role of mediation which enables the practitioner to educate and explain the situation to the close relations and friends to ensure contact is not lost and that access to their children is not prevented. In much of this, the role of ‘negotiator’ is often called for, and is not dissimilar to that of the neutral mediator. Getting a consensus even between the different factions of the trans community, and the agencies charged with providing a service to them does involve fighting for a middle ground that all sides can settle down to in order to achieve a consensus between all sides; the question is, just what is there to negotiate? A look back on all the different roles that practitioners play will reveal the deep seated transphobia that trans people face in their lives, and in every aspect of intervention with trans people will mean coming to the bargaining table to achieve the one thing that trans people seek to achieve, a sense of fairness, justice and most all, the right to equality and respect. Conclusion Raj (2002) made some important recommendations in working towards an overall goal of providing a ‘transpositive and therapeutic’ approach that is ‘trans affirmative’ and which considers individual trans individuals using a ‘best fit’ approach; the suggestion here is that rather than perhaps working to a gender binary approach, that instead a reflexive role be taken on which accommodates and appreciates the needs of the specific gender that an individual feels to be, even if it doesn’t fit in with societal norms thus eliminating any opportunities for transphobia to occur in the relationship with practitioner and the individual Indeed, the practitioner can apply their role appropriately depending on the practice setting, and that the needs, wishes and feelings of the individual trans person are taken into consideration first and foremost, and certainly before those of the practitioner; Furthermore, the recommendations given by Raj are significant in that suggestions are given for ongoing professional development ensuring that practitioners are ‘aware’ of current trends and issues in transgenderism. Not only will such an approach ensure a more effective collaboration between practitioner and individual, but also assures the individual will not only receive the best quality professional response, but that the agency can report an increasingly value for money service which responds to, and is accepted by the trans community. How to cite Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’, Papers

Social Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal Community. Answer: Social Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal Community of Australia The WHO defines social determinants of health as the conditions in which people are born in, grow, work, live and get old. They include the forces and systems shaping the conditions of life that people face(WHO, 2017). The conditions are linked to economic and social situations and the way they are distributed within the community. McMurray Clendon (2015) suggests that such factors affect access and utilization of health patterns by promoting or restraining the efforts of the individual. The Aboriginal community of Australia is one of the marginalized communities that have been exposed to conditions of life for a very long time. This report analyses five social determinants of health; education, employment, environment, housing and child development to determine the way they affect health patterns of the Aboriginal community in Australia. Education is an important social determinant of health since its attainment influences health throughout the life-span of the individual. The higher the education, the better the level of access to health and other social needs like job, income and sense of control(Baxter Hand, 2013). Further, in healthcare, health literacy determines how people interpret their health situations thus leading them to develop the sick role that allows them seek medication. The Aboriginal group of Australia reports higher school dropout than any other group in Australia. This process limits their life opportunities to access jobs that can increase income levels and allow easy access to healthcare. Most people in the population have low literacy levels that limits their interpretation of the environment around them and understanding the importance of developing and leading healthy lifestyle patterns. Apart from access to life resources that can improve access to health, Kolahdooz, Nader, Yi, Sharma (2015) argues that education in itself is a learning process that allows people to develop surveillance attitudes that keep them informed of the life around them. Significant gaps reported in the Aboriginal community as compared to the non-aboriginal community create barriers for their access and limit their ability to access healthcare. Since education is directly linked to healthcare, then the more the population stays less educated, the lesser their access to proper health patterns. The community remains less informed and their ability to interact with health providers and access full range of services becomes limited. Employment leads to increased income that creates more health-seeking opportunities, improves living standards, emotional abilities and social wellbeing of the individual. One factor that limits access to health is lack of income or resources to meet health-related needs. Since health is not free, people have to use their resources to access health(Cooklin, L., Strazdins, Nicholos, 2011). The Aboriginal community has low employment opportunities standing at an average of 15% since most of them lack tertiary education (Australian Bureau of Statitics, 2017). Since the community has lower education levels, then the percentage of those who are employed is low thus limiting the communitys ability to access and afford healthcare. Employment may also lead to access to other health-related factors like, food and living conditions that may shape the overall health of the individual. The aboriginals live in poor conditions that may affect their health. Housing creates conditions that promote or inhibit health in different ways. These conditions contribute to the physical health of the individual since they create conditions that shape the health of the individual. (Bailie, Mcdonald, Stevens, Guthridge, Brewster, 2011)Poor housing conditions like overcrowding, dampness, and indoor pollutants can lead to physical illnesses like typhoid, diarrhea, and respiratory diseases. Most aboriginal in the country live in inappropriate housing conditions and other private spaces since they lack affordability to good dwellings since appropriate housing is difficult to afford with only 6.7% of the group affording better housing. Most of their hoses require major repairs to make them conducive for stay (Australian Bureau of Statitics, 2017). Further, the government has done little effort to improve the conditions within the locality that such people stay thus creating more hazards to them. The environment has complex effects on the health of the individual. Since this defines places where people stay and the factors that define them. Then, the environment exposes the individual to physical, chemical, social, and biological hazards that affect their health(Bambra, Gibson, Sowden, Wright, Whitehead, 2010). Such factors shape exposure to conditions that may harm the individual or make them sick. Lack of education exposes people to ignorant lifestyles that create a harmful environment while lack of income reduces their ability to afford required standards of living thus exposing them to different types of hazards that are defined by the environment that people dwell in. The Aboriginals are faced with this problem since they cannot afford better dwellings thus live in an environment that is full of hazards that affect their life. Early childhood development of children follows the social gradient that they are brought up in. Socio-economic factors produce inequalities among children in access to opportunities that may shape their current and future health patterns. Further, socio-cultural conditions that children are brought up determine their health patterns based on the daily conditions and individual health-related behaviors that they are exposed to(Bauman, 2011). Aboriginal children are raised by uninformed parents who may expose them to poor health conditions thus exposing them to environmental hazardous that define their dwellings. Such children may grow up with some health challenges due to limited access to resources. Such inequalities affect the overall health of the child thus creating poor health outcomes. Social determinants of health are defined by different conditions that people stay in. such conditions shape their behaviors and may control their health seeking patterns due to lack of resources. The Aboriginal people of Australia are affected with these determinants because they lag behind all the factors that shape health. The government can intervene to improve the conditions through affirmative action thus reducing the barriers that define the determinants that they face and making their life better. Social determinants define health through increasing or limiting opportunities. References Australian Bureau of Statitics(2017). Health. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statitics: https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home%5CTopics+@+a+Glance Bailie R.S., Mcdonald, E., Stevens, M., Guthridge, S., Brewster, D. (2011). Evaluation of an Australian indigenous housing programme: community level impact on crowding, infrastructure function and hygiene. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 432-437. Bambra, C., Gibson, M., Sowden, A., Wright, K., Whitehead. (2010). Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64, 284-291. Bauman, Z. (2011). Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Baxter, J., Hand, K. (2013). Access to early childhood education in Australia . Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Cooklin, A., L., C., Strazdins, L., Nicholos, J. (2011). Employment conditions and maternal postpartum mental health: results from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 14, 217-225. Kolahdooz, F., Nader, F., Yi, K. J., Sharma, S. (2015). Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions. Global Health Action, 8(10). McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2015). Community Health and Wellness: Primary Health Care in Practice. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone. WHO. (2017). Social determinants of health. WHO.