tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72010380145183355812024-03-12T17:47:42.366-07:00How write an essay in englishTopics For Rhetorical Situation Essayhopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-77866437104596179592020-08-23T02:10:00.001-07:002020-08-23T02:10:10.872-07:00Altruistic Surrogacy Arrangements free essay sample hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-80120696400212596502020-08-21T23:52:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:52:29.763-07:00Who Tamed Fire First? Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research PapersWho Tamed Fire First? The more remote back in time we investigate, the more space there is by all accounts for inconsistency among different hypotheses with respect to the historical backdrop of the earth. One of the many contested parts of history concerns the idea of the connection among people and the earth. This paper will concentrate on the discussion of the starting point of first restrained fire. Was it Homo erectus or Homo sapiens? The broadly acknowledged theory of how things came to be of advancement paints Homo erectus as close to a brilliant chimp, (McCrone, New Scientist, May 20, 2000, 31) with a, 15-minute culture, (McCrone, 34) unequipped for controlling his general condition. In spite of the fact that regardless of whether we were to accept he was genuinely fit for achieving this demonstration, McCrone clarifies, controlling fire basically appeared to be too mentally advanced an accomplishment for this animal, who were, crude toolmakers, and gave no indications of emblematic thoroughly considering the following at least million years of their reality, (McCrone, 31). Under this hypothesis, any remaining parts of flames from his time are discounted as shrub fires, lightning strikes, and other such normally initiated events. It isn't until Homo sapiens goes along that people are considered to have started to ace their condition. An ongoing, all the more deductively based investigation of old Chinese flames bolsters this equivalent position that Homo erectus was not the first to tame fire. The land examination occurred at the Zhoukoudian site in China, where a restricting hypothesis denotes the primary controlled fire at 500,000 years prior by Homo erectus' hands, (Wuethrich, Science Magazine, July 10, 1998). In spite of the fact that they affirmed recuperating consumed bones from the site, there was no strong proof to propose the controlled utilization of fire, for example, hearths,... ...request in our reality. It gives us a past, present and future. Time likewise offers us a feeling of viewpoint, with the goal that we can cause bits of knowledge and associations, to choose what is valid and what is bogus, what is significant and what is immaterial. In such manner, the discussion over the time and source of the principal restrained fire is a powerful outline of the manners by which time influences our view of mankind and its relationship with nature. Which hypothesis of starting point we at last decide to accept is especially noteworthy in that it gives understanding into the manner by which we see ourselves corresponding to our past. Sources Cited: Did Homo Erectus Tame Fire First? Balter, Michael. Science. June 16, 1995. Started Up. McCrone, John. New Scientist, May 20, 2000. Topographical Analysis Damps Ancient Chinese Fires. Wuethrich, Bernice. Science Magazine, July 10, 1998. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-18793153038217513452020-07-14T14:57:00.001-07:002020-07-14T14:57:03.082-07:00The important things in lifeThe important things in life A philosophy professor stood before his class with some items on the table in front of him. When the class began, wordlessly he picked up a very large and empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with rocks, about 2 inches in diameter.He then asked the students if the jar was full. They agreed that it was.So the professor then picked up a box of pebbles and poured them into the jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles, of course, rolled into the open areas between the rocks. He then asked the students again if the jar was full. They agreed it was.The professor picked up a box of sand and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up the remaining open areas of the jar.He then asked once more if the jar was full. The students responded with a unanimous Yes.Now, said the professor, I want you to recognize that this jar represents your life. The rocks are the important things your family, your partner, your health, your children things that if everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full. The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house, your car. The sand is everything else, the small stuff.If you put the sand into the jar first, he continued, there is no room for the pebbles or the rocks. The same goes for your life. If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff, you will never have room for the things that are important to you. Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. Play with your children. Take your partner out dancing. There will always be time to go to work, clean the house, give a dinner party, or fix the disposal.Take care of the rocks first the things that really matter. Set your priorities. The rest is just sand.Author Unknown hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-26127158278722621182020-05-21T10:55:00.001-07:002020-05-21T10:55:03.990-07:00New School Nutrition A Dictatorship Essay - 705 Words A third grade boy practically skips into class. He canââ¬â¢t wait for after recess when they are going to have their long awaited Christmas party. His mouth waters at the thought of all the yummy candy and cookies to be had. Finally, the bell rings and all of the kids race each other inside, only to find bottled waters and an orange on their desks. This disappointing celebration is the result of the new school nutrition policy that dictates what can and cannot be offered in schools (Beard). With over one third of the nationââ¬â¢s children and adolescents obese or overweight in 2010, something must be done about the health of our kids (Childhood). But this new policy has gone too far and limits many aspects of school life. The policy is too severeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Without Coffee House, we would not be able to print our Literary Magazine and lose our principle objective for the class. In addition, the policy will not only limit school organizations, it will also limit the school board as well. A small drop in student participation in the school lunch program could cause a year end deficit in profit. Already, the USDA has reported a 3.2 percent decrease in the average participation in school lunches. There is also the added cost of retraining the employees to put a strain on the already tight budget for school lunches (SANDRA). In addition, by eliminating all of the à la carte items that donââ¬â¢t meet the absurd new standards would cause some districts to lose up to $100,000 a year (Sheehy). The school boards should advocate for the policy to lighten its restrictions to allow them to keep some of their more popular items and save their budget. The new policy not only calls for restrictions on fat and calories, grains and proteins have also been given weekly limits. Schools will no longer be allowed to serve sandwiches with two slices of whole grain bread eve ry day of the week because it would exceed the weekly grain limit. Also, salads topped with grilled chicken and low fat cheese will be no more since they exceed the daily protein limit (SANDRA). As a result of these outrageous regulations, many students are left feeling hungry and apathetic later in the day (Sheehy). Schools should encourage kids to eat a minimum of grains,Show MoreRelatedThe Holocaust : An Unfair Period For The Jews1202 Words à |à 5 Pagesword Holocaust comes from the Greek word ââ¬Å"holosâ⬠(whole) and ââ¬Å"kaustosâ⬠(burned). The original meaning for it was described as a sacrificial offering burned to the altar. Although it was meant for a spiritual sacrifice, in 1945 the word took a horrible new meaning. The ââ¬Å"Holocaustâ⬠was the mass murder of some 6 million European Jews by the Nazi Germany regime during the Second World War. Many of the Jews were killed because of their religion/race. Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany per secutedRead MoreThe First Anti Semitic Act Essay1329 Words à |à 6 Pages1900ââ¬â¢s, another lie was presented that Jewish people were going to dominate by using their money and intelligence. The Soviet Union secret police made a fake document with an outline to support the lie that Jewish people were going to take over. This news went worldwide forming antisemitism around the world (#1). During World War I, Adolf Hitler an anti-Semitic, moved to Germany to enlist in the army, and joined the German Workers Party later known as the Nazi Party. After WWI, Germanyââ¬â¢s democracy startedRead MoreLimited Knowledge of Agriculture in our Society Essay1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesbest interest. So here lies the major problem. The food elite ââ¬Å"demand a revolutionâ⬠and believe the problem is ââ¬Å"underlying our modern food dilemmas.â⬠Yet, instead of educating others or furthering their own knowledge, the Food Police demand a ââ¬Å"dictatorship of the foodie proletariatâ⬠and their desired governmental changes will result in ââ¬Å"nothing short of capitalism.â⬠The Food Police work to get media support and governmental funding, all while using their social standing to push food policy in theirRead MoreEssay on Import Substitution Industrialization1742 Words à |à 7 Pagesgovernment from spending too much money and raised interest rates followed the plan. This helped keep the inflation low and with the high interest rates, a lot of foreign capital began to flow into the country. The governmentââ¬â¢s actions in the military dictatorship made it difficult for Brazil to attract foreign capital however; the Government under the Real Plan had a strong focus on the balance of payments and tried to maintain a positive influx of capital into the nation by appeasing the internationalRead MoreReasons For The Failure Of Pakistan s Education System1829 Words à |à 8 PagesI am setting out to explore the educational policies, practices, and ââ¬Ëthe general ability level of graduates in schools, colleges and universities of Pakistan. Moreover, the purpose of this report is to explore the key issues, problems and the new challenges faced in educational sector of Pakistan. Educational system matures the person mentally, socially, physically and spiritually. The successful educational system helps to improve the social, political a nd cultural life of the country. The mutualRead MoreEssay A Healing Touch?1788 Words à |à 8 Pagesof an infant-both socially and physically. Among the most well known experiments on the subject were those of Harry Harlow in the 1950s and 1960s. Through his series of tests with infant monkeys and their application to humans, he brought a new understanding of child psychology and our own behavior (7). Until his experiments, most scientists assumed that the affection infants displayed for their mothers was an association between the mother and the quenching of primary needs-hunger, thirstRead MoreThe President Of The United States1989 Words à |à 8 Pagessigned the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968, he even appointed the first African American justice on the Supreme Court. He helped those in poverty by creating programs such as food stamps, Medicaid, Medicare, and more. Food stamps are a federal nutrition program that helps those on low income provide food for their family and themselves. Medicaid is a state and federal program that provides health care for low-income families. Medicare on the other hand is a feder al program that provides healthRead MoreThe Country s National Income2334 Words à |à 10 PagesSunni Muslim, Pakistan is a country that falls under the lower middle income bracket, and where most inhabitants reside in rural areas. The countryââ¬â¢s government, which is a federally parliamentary republic is one that works as both a democratic and dictatorship regime (The World Factbook ââ¬â Central Intelligence Agency, 2016). The countryââ¬â¢s gross national income per capita is about $5,090 and about 12.7 percent of the population survive on less that $1.25 a day (GNI per capita, Atlas method (currentRead MoreCultural Analysis of North Korea Essay12722 Words à |à 51 Pagesthat the government is the greatest institution in the world and that it is the best compared to any other country. Their leader Kim Jong-Il is viewed as almost being a deity whose methods cannot be questioned and is always correct. The ruthless dictatorship is the main personification that is asso ciated when thinking of North Korea. Introduction This report is a cultural analysis of the country of North Korea. The paper itself analyzes the history, geography, education, language, economyRead MoreDevelopment and Globalisation Essay7740 Words à |à 31 Pagesrange of services, increased land prices and a more multicultural society. Greater access to education, health care and communication â⬠¢ Political o More democratic and more influence on the ââ¬Ëglobal stageââ¬â¢. Stable government, no dictatorship. â⬠¢ Cultural development o Greater equality for women and better race relations in multicultural societies. Measuring Development GDP- Gross Domestic Product ââ¬â the value of all the goods and services produced in a country hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-61150160088713708012020-05-06T23:13:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:13:25.460-07:00Foster Care Essay - 1822 Words Foster care, according to John DeGarmo, ââ¬Å"Foster care is a form of placement for children who are in need of being placed in a home or environment outside of their home of originâ⬠(17). It is important to note that foster care is not a correctional facility, rather an impermanent fix for children who have been mistreated. Foster Care is a socially positive way to reduce the number of abused, neglected, abandoned, and/or homeless children. The main goal of Foster Care is to help children learn and grow in a different environment when they are no longer safe in their home with their current parent/guardian. Although there are always ââ¬Ëkinksââ¬â¢ in the system, where certain children may be misplaced or separated from their siblings, theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Secondly, they must go through four 2-hour consultations with a social worker, two of which include separating the parents and asking them questions separately. The questions the social worker may ask ha ve no limit. Thirdly, the social worker performs finger-printing and background checks on the prospective parents. If or when they pass this, there is online training with extensive material covering almost any question a parent might have. The parents then have to take a post-test on the online training that was completed. Finally, after the online training is complete, each parent is required to spend at least twenty hours in a physical classroom, learning about anything ranging from trauma, the signs of sexual abuse, the issue of neglect, permanency, and so forth (Jefcik). To some, this process seems tedious and unnecessary, but this is a childââ¬â¢s life, future, education; there should be background checks and extensive training. The statistical pros of Foster Care are enough to prove it is much more beneficial than harmful. In 2013, 2,483,539 children experienced homelessness; that is one out of every thirty children was/is homeless. Foster care can not only give them a war m place to sleep and food to eat, but can also help the child gain an education (Bassuk 6-7). Also, with the extensive training each foster parent must go through, they are well equipped to handle children who are traumatizedShow MoreRelatedFoster Care Essay1706 Words à |à 7 PagesHow is the effectiveness of foster care often inhibited? One of the ways foster care is inhibited is that the separation of the child from their parents and placement in a foster home can be traumatic for the child. In some instances where the child is not safe in their home, the first choice may be to remove the child and place them in foster care. Both the parents and child have a hard time accepting the situation. This separation causes conflicts and resistance from the child (Crosson-TowerRead MoreFoster Care Essay1698 Words à |à 7 PagesFoster care is care for children outside the home that substitutes for parental care. The child may be placed with a family, relatives or strangers, in a group home (where up to a dozen foster children live under the continuous supervision of a parental figure), or in an institution (McDonald). No matter the form of placement, this type of upheaval in a young childââ¬â¢s life is bound to cause the need for many adjustments. Aside from having to adjust to a different family, peers, schooling a nd possiblyRead MoreEssay on Foster Care1419 Words à |à 6 Pagesand placed in foster care. Placement in the foster care system affects children in a unique, individual fashion. The affects of child-care by non-parental custodians, though subjective in nature, have common parameters that must be addressed and examined. Understanding foster care placement is crucial in order to fully evaluate both its advantages and disadvantages. WHAT IS FOSTER CARE? According to the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System, Foster care means 24-hour substituteRead MoreFoster Care and Its Effects Essay1283 Words à |à 6 PagesFoster Care and Its Effects Many children are suffering due to various complications in their life. Children of all ages end up in the foster care system year after year. Their hardships influence them to feel really depressed and stoic. Many people do not read autobiographies, but the book, Three Little Words by Ashley Rhodes-Courter teaches people about the complications of a first-hand foster child, how the foster care system is, and book reviews of famous authors and well-known magazines, asRead MoreFoster Care Uncovered Essay1531 Words à |à 7 PagesFoster care is an agency that takes in more than 250,000 children EVERY year. With this many children entering the system every year; the amount of problems on finding the right caregiver for the child increases tremendously. When these problems are created there are many effects that can happen to the child that can last short-term and unfortunately long-term. Fortunately, there are multiple solutions for these problems that everyone can do so that everyone s position is improved. Foster care agenciesRead MoreEssay about Foster Care2807 Words à |à 12 Pagesnever think about our foster care system. Foster care is when a child is temporarily placed with another family. This child may have been abused, neglected, or may be a child who is dependent and can survive on their own but needs a place to stay. Normally the child parents are sick, alcohol or drug abusers, or may even be homeless themselves. We have forgotten about the thousands of children who are without families and living in foster homes. Many do not even know how foster care came about. A fewRead MoreFoster Care Research Essay1600 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe field of foster care. It will focus on foster care social workers, foster care parents, children in foster care, etc. In this work there will also be reference to aspects of adoption and foster care together. This paper will encompass all parties affected by foster care and will ultimately talk about what qualities are ex pected of social workers who work in foster care. ââ¬Æ' America is facing daily challenges when it comes to abortion, children with no place to go, the foster care system, adoptionRead MoreAbuse in Foster Care Essay1089 Words à |à 5 Pagespublic care have experienced abuse and neglect, and many have potentially been exposed to domestic violence, parental mental illness and substance abuseâ⬠(Dregan and Gulliford). These children are being placed into foster care so that they can get away from home abuse, not so they can move closer towards it. The foster childrenââ¬â¢s varied outcomes of what their adult lives are is because of the different experiences they grew up with in their foster homes. The one-third of those other foster childrenRead MoreAging Out of Foster Care Essay1272 Words à |à 6 Pagesall teens feel the same joy about this coming of age. For the hundreds of thousands of children living in foster care in the United States, this new found freedom brings anxiety and fear. Where will they live after turning 18? Ho w will they get the medications they may need? How will they find a job with little to no experience? How will they put themselves through school? Aging out of foster care is a serious issue among Americaââ¬â¢s youth. Every year, 20,000 children will age out with nowhere to go,Read MoreIs Foster Care Really Better? Essay1182 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"In the United States, foster care operates on the local level, rather than on the national levelâ⬠(Harris, 2004).The stateââ¬â¢s division of social services and part of the state department of health and human services run the whole foster care service (Harris, 2004). The foster care system is great when they remove children from harm but they need to do better background checks which would cut down on multiple moves, figure out a better system of getting children out of the system and into homes, and hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-40984998034987141692020-05-06T07:40:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:40:24.297-07:00Public Schools in Jordan Free Essays Is our Jordanian government doing its Job when it comes to education? Are we getting the best out of each Individual, or are public educational systems failing their students? It Is rather obvious that public schools are not meeting the needs of each child, and as a result children end up losing their eagerness to learn. It Is fairly disappointing to realize that the majority of Jordanian students are much more concerned about scoring high grades than about learning. Public schools are falling their students and are considered inferior because of three major issues: individualized teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and the negligence of creativity and individuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Schools in Jordan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first reason behind the inferiority of public Jordanian schools is their poorly qualified teachers. According to Professor Richard M. Engineers, University of Pennsylvania: ââ¬Å"There has been a great deal of controversy over what kinds of preparation are necessary for teachers to be considered qualified. Highly qualifiedââ¬â¢ teachers are those with a college degree, a teaching certificate, and competence in their subjects. â⬠Those three qualifications are rarely present within the same teacher. Moreover, a teaching certificate Is not even required by our Jordanian schools. Other than the absence of high standards when It comes to employing teachers, schools especially those located in remote governesses sometimes oblige their teachers to teach outside the scope of their fields, which reflects poorly on the students. Public schoolsââ¬â¢ weakness lies within their assumption that anyone with a collage degree Is capable of teaching, which is not always true. A successful educator is both passionate and devoted; he inspires the child to become the best that he can possibly be. However, due to the low social standing of the teaching occupation in our community, the majority of our teachers severely lack enthusiasm. They stick to their primitive teaching methods and focus excessively on lecturing and memorization. They rarely strive to train themselves In the different modern teaching approaches. Secondly, many problems arise when there are more students than the teacher is capable of handling all at once. Classrooms at public schools are generally overcrowded beyond the acceptable capacity. Classes can be completely full and sometimes crowded with over thirty-five students. One of those problems is, the bigger the number of the students, the larger the variance In the levels of intelligence. Some students may need a slower pace than others. At public schools, all students receive the same level of attention. There is less focus on the individual student, and teachers sometimes fail to notice when a student is struggling simply because there are thirty other students to focus on In the same class. Another problem that arises when a classroom Is overcrowded Is the Increase of the number of distractions. More students means more noise which leads to difficulties with incineration. Students have a harder time focusing and processing Information, and teachers end up wasting time fighting over the noise. Absentia number of Jordanians are discontent with the teaching systems applied in our public schools. The teaching methods used by the majority of our educators fail at creating an environment where the child can discover and develop his own talents and passions. They fail at kindling the childââ¬â¢s curiosity. Generally, these methods do not acknowledge the different types of intelligence; they do not allow free dialogue or exploratory learning or even team work. Teachers nonchalantly ignore the importance of creativity and imagination in the learning process; they neglect to involve the child by simply dictating information. The main issue is rooted within the rigid curricula and the standardized tests that encourage children to memorize with little emphasis on analysis and critical thinking. The answers are right or wrong, either black or white; there is no room for innovation. Students have a difficulty voicing their opinions because they have been spoon-fed facts and rules throughout their entire educational Journey. In conclusion, Jordanian public schools have many deficiencies and shortcomings that need to be properly addressed shortcomings that vary from the quality of the teachers, student to teacher ratio per class, to the traditional teaching styles that they cling to. Our government needs to take drastic measures to change what is fundamentally discrediting our public educational systems. Without the necessary measures, the Jordanian youth will not be capable of keeping up with our ever- changing world, and our potential for achieving greatness as a nation will be lost forever. How to cite Public Schools in Jordan, Papers hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-31208191894023639082020-04-24T05:31:00.001-07:002020-04-24T05:31:02.237-07:00Peaceful Protest Essay ExamplePeaceful Protest Essay Dear Squealer, I am writing to you to ask for your help, I consider you as someone who I can trust and confide with. At the moment I cannot reveal my whereabouts in case this document falls into the wrong hands, Napoleon! I will get straight to the point; our current situation is looking very bleak, I fear for both your life and mine. Napoleon has been abusing our new society on Animal farm and he will do astonishing things to achieve what he wants. He is slowly gaining power over us and our comrades; he has changed Animalism into a dictatorship led by him! Our lives will be his and only for his wishes, we have and will be turned into personal slaves for Napoleon to have at his disposal. He will change issues that we use to believe in; he will brain wash us into believing what he wants us to. I need your help to stop this tyrant. What I propose is that we join together to from a new equal society, run by ourselves. This new society will stand for every animal that accepts the societys beliefs; it will be a society that lives in peace and harmony. I want to make a enthuses on being equal, after all that was what Animalism stood for, no animals have any higher right than another animal. You and myself will not have a leadership or any sort of control over the other animals; we will just keep peace and order. I seriously think that my idea and theory would be a great success if you were appeared to join me and overthrow this tyrant from his reign of terror. I have took much time and effort over thinking how we are going to overthrow Napoleon, I have come up with a cunning plan! We will write a custom essay sample on Peaceful Protest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peaceful Protest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peaceful Protest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It does not involve fighting or any sort of physical campaign against Napoleon. It is the idea of Peaceful Protest; we will organise marches and demonstrations through Animal Farm. Also, if the animals boycott Napoleons slave labour and any sort of activities, which would help Napoleons empire. One of the main areas, which I think would be good to boycott, is Napoleons food supply, without food his empire will slowly melt down. I say slowly because we may not achieve our aim of a peaceful society quickly. It could be a slow and tedious task but the results at the end will be very satisfying. I have been reading up on Peaceful Protest and I came to a conclusion yesterday that it would be the best way of going about overthrowing Napoleon. By making peaceful protests it would also represent what our new society believes in, animals being equal and peaceful! By all means if you have an idea or theory which you think would be much more practical than mine I am open to suggestions. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-2752238734214869472020-03-17T21:15:00.001-07:002020-03-17T21:15:03.652-07:00The Tesco store Essay ExampleThe Tesco store Essay Example The Tesco store Essay The Tesco store Essay As we have chosen to report on Tesco Plc as our main company to research and advise after comparison with competition. We will compare Tesco with one of its closest market rivals; Sainsburys, to provide a analysis of what they are doing better and can learn from in order to compete as well as learn from the others mistakes, and also to consider the direction the company is heading as well as highlight the characteristics Tesco has as a company which makes it the UKs number one retailer. Tesco is a very large company in a very competitive sector. The aim of this report is to advise a shareholder on the performance of the chosen company; Tesco Plc, in order to inform them of the health of the company and advise what action they should take in relation to the companys shares. Many issues will be considered that are internal issues of the company such as its own activities as well as external issues such as competition (Sainsburys) in the market as this will obviously affect share value. We will provide in our report a portfolio of various relevant financial ratios that will help us to analyse the profit and loss accounts, and balance sheets of both companies to understand better which companies shares would be a better investment. We will use the current annual reports of both companies to make comparisons of the performance of both companies, given that the latest annual reports are already out of date by the time they are printed we will also look at other up to date sources of information on the performance of both companies such as news reports, press releases and expert analysis already in existence in order to explain our view of the present position of the company and future trading environment it will operate in. In this report we are aiming to explain why there is such a major difference between these two companies even though they operate in the same industry; using this information in the report we will present our findings and recommendations. We will also include in the appendices of the report additional information such as minutes of our team meetings and financial data. We will also provide with the report the latest annual reports of both companies as they will help the reader to further understand our findings that we base our advise upon. Tesco was founded in 1924 by Sir Jack Cohen. Using his gratuity from his Army service in the Great War he started selling groceries in the markets of Londons East End markets in 1919. The brand name of Tesco made its first appearance on tea packets in the 1920s. The name was based on the initials of T. E. Stockwell who was a partner in the firm of tea suppliers, and the first two letters of Cohen. They opened the first Tesco store in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware. Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd was floated on the Stock Exchange in 1947, with a share price of 25p. The price at the beginning of February 2002 was around 2. 42p. modify! By the early 1960s, Tesco had become a household name. Along with groceries they also sold fresh food, household goods and clothing in their stores. Tesco stores were located in the high streets of towns and cities up and down the country. In 1961 Tesco opened the largest store in Europe at the time at 16,500 square feet of shop floor. Given the size of Tesco during the 1960s they should have been able to use their economies of scale such as bulk buying power to reduce costs in order to be able to sell goods at lower prices in order to be more competitive than their competition (especially independent stores) as they do now, but they were restricted up until 1964 when laws that allowed suppliers to insist stores sell their goods at a price set by them (Resale price maintenance) were removed. These laws made it difficult for Tesco to reduce price as the whole purpose of these laws were to protect small stores from being heavily undercut by large chains such as Tesco. A earlier version of the current reward card systems in place at all major chains of supermarkets were trading stamps introduced by Tesco to build a reward system for customers in order to build customer loyalty and entice customers through the ability to make savings. Customers received stamps when they made purchases. Once they had collected enough stamps to complete a book, they had the choice to exchange the book for cash or other gifts. The reward system was later taken up by other companies and still exists now in a more sophisticated form. As well as expanding its chain by opening new stores; Tesco also bought existing chains of stores. In 1960 it bought out a chain of 212 stores in the north of England, then another 144 stores in 1964 and 1965. In 1968 it took over the Victor Value chain of stores. Tesco was first to introduce the concept of a superstore in 1967 by opening a 90,000 square feet store in Westbury, Wiltshire. In retailing the superstore was a new concept; a very large unit on the outskirts of a town, which is designed to provide easy access to customers coming by car or public transport. The term superstore was first used in relation to the Tesco store opened in Crawley, West Sussex, in 1968. Tesco has grown at great speed in size, value and profit since its formation. In 1979, its annual turnover reached i 1. It went on to in 1987 to announce a i 500 million program to build another 29 stores. By 1991, the popularity of Tesco petrol stations at its superstores had made Tesco Britains largest independent petrol retailer. In September of 2002 Tesco launched its own exclusive clothing brand Cherokee in many of its UK stores. The Cherokee brand, along with Florence Fred and Tesco own brand clothing went on to see sales increase by 6 times the market rate. The stores have a diverse range of goods beyond just food and household goods such as clothing, electronics, financial services and petrol to name a few. It has tried to target important niche markets such as organic food that are growing in size. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-69321574060575625232020-03-01T13:01:00.001-08:002020-03-01T13:01:02.588-08:00KLEIN Surname Meaning and Family HistoryKLEIN Surname Meaning and Family History Similar to the English surname Little, Klein isà aà descriptive surname often bestowed on someone of short or petite stature. The name derives fromà the German klein or Yiddish kleyn, meaning little. The klein root is alsoà often found used as a surname to distinguish a younger man of the same name, usually a son, in names such as Kleinhans and Kleinpeter. Alternate Surname Spellings:à CLEIN, CLINE, KLINE, KLEINE Surname Origin: German, Dutch Where is the KLEINSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Klein is a veryà common surname in Germany where it ranks as the countrys 11th most popular surname. It is also common in Israel, where it ranks 23rd and the Netherlands, where it ranks 36th.à WorldNames PublicProfilerà indicates that within Germany, Klein isà most common in Saarland, followed by Rheinland-Pfalz. Its also very common in the Germany-bordering regions of France, including Alsace and Lorraine. Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate that the Klein surname is present in the largest numbers in western Germany, in places such as Kà ¶ln, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, Saarlouis, Stadtverband Saarbrà ¼cken, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, and Oberbergischer Kreis, as well as in the cities of Berlin, Hamburg and Munich.à Famous People with the KLEIN Last Name Yves Klein - French painter and sculptorLawrence Kleinà - American economistCalvin Kleinà - American fashion designerJacob Theodor Kleinà - German botanist, zoologist and politicianEmanuel Edward Klein - Croatian-born bacteriologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname KLEIN Little/Klein/Cline/Kline Y-Chromosome ProjectThis DNA project includes over 85 members with the surnames Little, Klein, Kline, or Cline interested in working collaboratively to combine genealogy research with DNA testing to sort out Little family lines. German Surname Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to surname meanings and origins from Germany. How to Research Germanà AncestryLearn how to research your German family tree with this guide to genealogical records in Germany, including birth, marriage, death, census, military and church records. Klein Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Kleinà family crest or coat of arms for the Klein surname.à Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.à KLEINà Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Klein surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Klein genealogy query. FamilySearch - KLEINà GenealogyExplore over 3.9à millionà historical records which mention individuals with the Klein surname, as well as online Klein family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Kleinà RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Kleinà surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - KLEINà Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Klein. The Kleinà Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Kleinà from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.à Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.à Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.à Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.à A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.à Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.à A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.à American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-34882297269931644382020-02-14T04:27:00.001-08:002020-02-14T04:27:03.555-08:00Product Comparisons among three Separate Retailers AssignmentProduct Comparisons among three Separate Retailers - Assignment Example The second shop is located at the bus terminal. The business targets people who are about to travel or those embarking from their journeys. The owner deals with home theatre systems in addition to phones. This is an advantage when compared to the first shop due to a variety of goods for sale. The shop has services such as educating the consumer on how to utilize the product. The strategy aims at the achievement of customer loyalty with the store. The customers who buy more than one phone get discounts and rewards, as a strategy, to encourage more purchases. The third shop is located at the airport. The target market consists of tourists and domestic professionals. The consumers buy such goods before boarding the flight or due to local network compatibility issues. After sell services provided, such as internet configuration, enables the owner be competitive in the market. The other advantage is the availability of product variation of the electronics. The other strategy that the retailer employs is the ability of the business to stay operational for longer hours. This is because the airport is in operation all the hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-21029322386212642712020-02-01T16:33:00.001-08:002020-02-01T16:33:03.180-08:00Sport marketing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsSport marketing assignment - Essay Example His experience applies a lot in my career where I am studying at a level that is considered of an older age. His experience is evidence that age does not determine how successful you will be in your career. The class guest mentions that studying at a young age can be overwhelming, but with the proper attitude and determination, it is possible to make it. The performance of the franchise was so poor that there was a joke to personify the franchisee. Radio hosts often teased their listeners and told them that they could win a first prize, which was two tickets to the nuggets game and the second prize would be four tickets to the nuggets game (class guest). However, the class, guest did not let this ridicule pull him down or throw him off course. He knew if he were successful in the franchise, he would have a chance at getting far with his career. No matter what people talked, he stuck to his vision and with determination and calculated moves, he made the difference. In my career, people always talk down and tell me how it is impossible to make it. If I follow the experience of the class, guest, I will definitely make it to the highest point of my career. When the guest joined the Nuggets, they were averaging about 4000 in season ticket sales. This situation made it hard for him to introduce himself as the vice president of the Denver Nuggets. When the guest made these comments, it seemed impossible for the Nuggets to get back on their feet. However, the most insightful thing that he mentions is how they were able to transform the franchise from the situation; it was into the success that the franchise had only three years to make it or break it. It is not easy to improve a business of such magnitude in such a short time. Doing so involves a lot of dedication and determination. Another factor that was working against them while struggling to improve the franchise was the pressure that was coming from the hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-3870429543638126232020-01-24T12:57:00.001-08:002020-01-24T12:57:03.275-08:00My Experiences as a Learner :: Personal Narrative Learning Education PapersMy Experiences as a Learner I was in first grade and her name was Sister Carol Anne. She even spelled Anne the same way I spelled my middle name Anne which made her better. She was amazing she had this way of always making everyone in the class feel equal. We never knew who received the high grades and who received the low grades. We all were working "as hard as we could" she would say and that was all that mattered. Sister Carol also had ways of showing us how to help each other out. If a few students didn't get it then the students who did understand would teach the other students. Looking back I'm skeptical because that might unintentionally separate the students into "smart" and "stupid" groups. However, I remember that at some point or another everyone in that class needed help and everyone was able to teach. She exemplified for us that teaching is more helping and guiding instead of ruling and ordering. I think after that class was when I decided I wanted to be a teacher. It wavered on and off throughout my education but it started there in the first grade. The next significant grades I remember were third grade and fourth grade for the teaching style and the classroom atmosphere respectively. In third grade my teacher was Sister Edwardine (in case there is still any confusion I went to Catholic school my entire life.) I remember her specifically because she taught with stuffed animals. We were taught to respect nature and every organism around us, because we are all equal, by using these animals. Everyday, if we behaved, a few students in the class were given an animal to care for and we had to treat it as if it were a real creature. We didn't get to choose our animal however, and I see now how profound her rationale was. She said we didn't get to choose our animals because in life we don't get to choose who is around us in our community and who isn't. She was teaching us that we aren't always going to have the ability to chose who and what surrounds us but we must respect them all for their differences. I remember specifically the day she bought us two new animals. They were a male and female skunk. And when the students gathered to name them a few students starting mocking and calling them insulting names. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-62121390412729625232020-01-16T09:21:00.001-08:002020-01-16T09:21:04.700-08:00Difference between mass marketing and direct marketingDirect Marketing is the practice of delivering promotional messages directly to potential customers on an individual basis as opposed to through a mass medium while mass marketing is a simultaneous standardized marketing to a very large target market through mass media. Mass marketing and direct marketing have been operating in the wave of consumer market that is promising to make some transformation while the two waves till precedes it as from world war two to date.It was in the 1970s and 1980s that the consumer marketing power shifted to mass retailing because of large deployment of the Universal Product Code (UPC) and the so-called electronic scanner technologies, which put the consumer marketing in the hands of the retail trade. Here is where the importance of using both direct and mass marketing strategies starts. The ability of mass marketing is to get the message to all people through advertising; this has remained and as well remains to be a very useful and cost effective mar keting strategy.However, the current business situation is taking hold of the new world trend by spear-heading the power of direct marketing as one of the unique capability. This has occurred for those aiming at mass marketing to form a very powerful and new marketing force that can clearly call direct marketing or mass marketing which is the best way of reaching the market currently. In direct marketing marketer think of the applying their strategy in the new era of individualized marketing. Direct marketing consist of direct connection with carefully targeted individual consumers to both obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relation. â⬠(Kotler and Armstrong, Principle of Marketing, 2001). This can always accomplished by making an offer or inviting then by one of the most appropriate communication means such as mail, phone, fax, computer, and email.In conclusion, direct marketing and mass marketing both represents a total entity, and this is the new comp onent in the marketing mix that can successfully win the intended market. The two strategies combines contact, involvement, activation and cultivation in a seamless continuum and had a big impact in the current competitive world business. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-83503458924691173052020-01-08T05:44:00.001-08:002020-01-08T05:44:05.026-08:00The Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Health Free Essay Example, 2500 words A cross-sectional study collecting data at the same pointing of time in both the age groups is done below. Stress scores have been developed in relation to perceived racism and they will be utilized to collect data regarding the levels of racism-induced stress. Data pertaining to other variables including but not limited to BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose levels, stress hormone levels and mental questionnaires, which in totality may characterize the health status of a person, will be compared in the study group and the control group. It is probable that the stress theory based on neuroendocrine mechanisms is responsible for a differential health status in the racism-affected aging populations. However, other variables such as poverty, lack of access to better health facilities, education, and awareness, and other socio-cultural factors could be responsible for this as is universally applicable. Taking into account the bias induced by these confounding var iables, exploration of racism induced stress as a causative/ contributory factor in the poor health of such populations are likely to put a new light on this issue and thus aid in making a difference to their present health status Research Methodology There have been significantly many forms of methodologies applied to gain the deeper understanding of this issue. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Health or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This is aimed at exploring several different search items, to ensure that a wide and full search in the topic is covered hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-91247501691899451572019-12-31T02:10:00.001-08:002019-12-31T02:10:04.494-08:00The Seven Seas From Ancient Times to the Modern Era While a sea is generally defined as a large lake that contains saltwater, or a specific portion of an ocean, the idiom Sail the seven seas, is not so easily defined. Sail the seven seas is a phrase that is said to have been used by sailors, but does it actually refer to a specific set of seas? Many would argue yes, while others would disagree. There has been much debate as to whether or not this is in reference to seven actual seas and if so, which ones? Seven Seas as a Figure of Speech? Many believe that the seven seas is simply an idiom that refers to sailing many or all of the oceans of the world. The term is believed to have been popularized by Rudyard Kipling who published an anthology of poetry titled The Seven Seas in 1896. The phrase can now be found in popular songs such as, Sailing on the Seven Seas by Orchestral ââ¬â¹Manoevres in the Dark, Meet Me Halfway by Black Eyed Peas, Seven Seas by Mob Rules, and Sail over the Seven Seas by Gina T. Significance of the Number Seven Why seven seas? Historically, culturally, and religiously, the number seven is a very significant number. Isaac Newton identified seven colors of the rainbow, there are Seven Wonders of the ancient world, seven days of the week, seven dwarves in the fairy tale Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, the seven-day story of creation, the seven branches on a Menorah, seven Chakras of meditation, and seven heavens in Islamic traditions -- just to name a few instances. The number seven appears again and again throughout history and stories, and because of this, there is much mythology surrounding its importance. The Seven Seas in Ancient and Medieval Europe This list of the seven seas is believed by many to be the original seven seas as defined by the sailors of ancient and Medieval Europe. The majority of these seven seas are located around the Mediterranean Sea, very close to home for these sailors. 1) The Mediterranean Sea - This sea is attached to the Atlantic Ocean and many early civilizations developed around it, including Egypt, Greece, and Rome and it has been called the cradle of civilization because of this. 2) The Adriatic Sea - This sea separates the Italian peninsula from the Balkan peninsula. It is part of the Mediterranean Sea. 3) The Black Sea - This sea is an inland sea between Europe and Asia. It is also connected to the Mediterranean Sea. 4) The Red Sea - This sea is a narrow strip of water extending south from Northeast Egypt and it connects to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. It is connected today to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal and is one of the most heavily-traveled waterways in the world. 5) The Arabian Sea - This sea is the Northwestern part of the Indian Ocean between India and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia). Historically, it was a very important trade route between India and the West and remains such today. 6) The Persian Gulf - This sea is a part of the Indian Ocean, located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. There has been dispute as to what its actual name is so it is also sometimes known as the Arabian Gulf, The Gulf, or The Gulf of Iran, but none of those names are recognized internationally. 7) The Caspian Sea - This sea is located on the Western edge of Asia and the Eastern edge of Europe. It is actually the largest lake on the planet. It is called a sea because it contains saltwater. The Seven Seas Today Today, the list of Seven Seas that is most widely accepted is inclusive of all of the bodies of water on the planet, which are all part of the one global ocean. Each is technically an ocean or section of ocean by definition, but most geographers accept this list to be the actual Seven Seas: 1) North Atlantic Ocean2) South Atlantic Ocean3) North Pacific Ocean4) South Pacific Ocean5) Arctic Ocean6) Southern Ocean7) Indian Ocean hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-63756294342452892712019-12-22T21:56:00.001-08:002019-12-22T21:56:04.318-08:00Characteristics of Effective Counseling - 654 Words What personal qualities or characteristics might enhance someones ability to be an effective individual and group counselor? Clearly, compassion, caring, and genuine concern are all prerequisites for effective counseling. Yet there are also specific subsets of characteristics, traits, attitudes, beliefs, values, behaviors, and experiences that help a counselor become more effective for their clients. These characteristics differ according to whether the counselor operates in primarily an individual or group setting. Moreover, the counselors theoretical orientation has a large impact on what personal characteristics will prove effective in practice. As Ponton (2012) points out, effective counseling is a two-way street. It takes cooperative effort by both the person receiving counseling and the counselor. Therefore, motivation of the client has a huge bearing on the effectiveness of the counselor. The counselor is often placed in the position of being a coach, in order to bring out the best and most productive characteristics in the client. One of the most important skills for a counselor to have, whether for group or individual sessions, is acute critical thinking skills that enable identification of disorders or dysfunction. Discernment is therefore a prerequisite for effective counseling. An effective counselor can identify negative thinking patterns that may be feeding feelings of sadness, depression or anxiety, (Ponton, 2012). In addition to critical thinking andShow MoreRelatedEssay Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling1190 Words à |à 5 Pages Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling In order for the counseling process to be effective for the client the characteristics and behaviors of the mental health counselor must be effective. To be an effective mental health counselor the process must include both the art and science of helping clients when they struggle. This paper will address both effective and ineffective characteristics of the given transcriptRead MoreEssay on Traits of an Effective Counselor1065 Words à |à 5 PagesCounselor characteristics are also an important part of the therapeutic dynamic. As the case study demonstrates, the professional counselor began with a good rapport and empathy. I believe the session was effective because the client and the counselor worked together with re-evaluating how the client was going to improve his circumstances. In this case study, the counselor establishes a good relationship and empathy with the client, which allows him to be completely honest about his thoughts andRead MoreCounselor Beware Of Ethical Sove ncies1260 Words à |à 6 Pagesdifferent outlooks that are perceived when an individual has chosen counseling as a career. People tend to ask, ââ¬Å"why do you want to deal with other peopleââ¬â¢s setbacks. There are those that choose the career of being a counselor that maintain a sense of compassion for others, while maintaining the professional guidelines of ethics. Effective counseling is a two-way street. It takes a cooperative effort by both the person receiving counseling and the counselor. And it takes a commitment to make sometimesRead MoreCharacteristics Of An Effective Counselor1340 Words à |à 6 Pages Characteristics of an Effective Counselor Desirà ©e M. Ericksen Liberty University ââ¬Æ' Abstract This paper reviews four published papers and/or studies that have researched the characteristics of effective counselors. Each of the papers/studies list their own set of characteristics, but share a common thread of empathy, compassion, warmth, genuineness and emotional stability. After reviewing each paper and research study, additional analysis was applied to the above five characteristics with theRead MoreEffective Counseling1313 Words à |à 6 Pagesiove couse Personal and Professional Qualities for an Effective Counselor By {Author} {Institution} Abstract This research paper discusses the qualities that are necessary for an effective counseling and as such any counselor considered effective must posses them. The paper has a separate discussion of both personal and professional qualities required for any good counselorRead MoreEffective Counseling1328 Words à |à 6 Pagesiove couse Personal and Professional Qualities for an Effective Counselor By {Author} {Institution} Abstract This research paper discusses the qualities that are necessary for an effective counseling and as such any counselor considered effective must posses them. The paper has a separate discussion of both personal and professional qualities required for any good counselor. The personal qualities form a larger part of theRead MoreEssay about Characteristics and behaviors of an effective counselor901 Words à |à 4 PagesCharacteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling The purpose of this paper is to analyze counselor behaviors and characteristics utilizing a case study from the COUN 6100 learning resources (n.d.). The first section will include aspects of the counselorââ¬â¢s responses I find to be effective. The next will examine areas where I see the counselorââ¬â¢s interactions as ineffective. The final section will feature an overview of how the factors in the preceding sections might impact the case study sessionRead More The Identity of a Professional Counselor 1777 Words à |à 7 Pagesdifferences based on the specialization of counseling, as well as, overall identity factors that remain the same across the entire counseling spectrum. The paper examines key philosophies of the counseling profession which include: wellness, resilience, and prevention and how these philosophies impact the counseling profession. Next it will discuss the characteristics of an effective professional counselor in two different professional roles and two professional counseling associations. Further, it will lookRead MoreEssay about Characteristics of an Effective Counselor1693 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿ Characteristics of the effective counselor April R. Tessmer Liberty University Author Note I d like to acknowledge the wonderful help that I received from one of the finest professors at Liberty University Online. I am very grateful to you, Dr. McCarthy, who provided me with the much needed suggested improvements and gave me the tools to complete this research paper. Thanks! Abstract The characteristics that make up an effective counselor are the personality traitsRead MoreSubstance Abuse Counseling Laws And The Aca Ethics Code1465 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction Substance abuse counseling can be a rewarding career for anyone who has a desire to help people who are battling an addiction to drugs or alcohol. A substance abuse counselor can work in hospitals, prisons, therapeutic facilities, and halfway houses. The purpose of a substance abuse counselor is to help those who have an addiction manage it. In this paper I will be discussing Texas state counseling laws and the ACA ethics code and how these two can guide my work as a substance hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-60220020219329676352019-12-14T18:26:00.001-08:002019-12-14T18:26:05.731-08:00Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ââ¬Ëtransphobiaââ¬â¢ Free Essays string(200) " the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ââ¬ËReport of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual Peopleââ¬â¢ in April 2000 \(Home Office\)\." Transphobia is a recent phenomenon in the forum of Social Work and inequalities; a term thatââ¬â¢s tagged on at the end of the line of inequalities faced by people from the differing community factions that donââ¬â¢t fit into the mould of societal norms of traditionally white, patriarchal expectations. Despite the profusion of papers on wider transgender issues, there is a paucity of research discussing Social Worker and Mental Health practitioner interventions and their considered roles; this is given the emergence of trans issues in the UK thus highlighting the nascent need for debate. Consideration has to be given to the conflicts that exist on the use of the transgender label, and specifically how it fits in with existence of the bi-polar binary gender system (Monro 2002); practitioners ought to consider a wider remit that includes not just the traditionally considered core elements of transsexual and transvestite people, but notably, the three different spheres of transgenderism which embraces those who are biologically, socially or morphologically transgendered (Laframbiose 2003), moreover, the realisation that the philosophies and politics behind the issues of transgenderism no longer belongs to a small community that practitioners will rarely come across in their careers, but instead on a daily basis to a whole range of individuals that do not adopt societyââ¬â¢s typically patriarchal expectations of male and female, including those that fit outside the bi-polar gender binary system but who do not adopt the trans label. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ââ¬Ëtransphobiaââ¬â¢ or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new reality that practitioners face is that, daily, there is increasing potential of working with individuals who deviate from the traditional notion of gender binaries, including those people who arguably deviate to a trans role, but who donââ¬â¢t adopt the label though non-the-less experience transphobia; a contradiction in terms requiring pause for constructive reflection. Initial stages of practitioner intervention In order to ascertain practitioner roles, there is a need for full appreciation of the barriers in conforming to the norms of the wider society in general. Traditional psychological paradigms are starting to move with mental health providers working towards de-pathologising trans individuals as having ââ¬Ënormalââ¬â¢ mental health (Cole and Meyer, 1998 in Raj, 2002); the inference here is that transgender is not a psychological problem, but more that the problem is handed over to individuals in society who fail to recognise the unconventional variations of gender roles and identity; a similar pattern follows with the social model of disability, which argues that it isnââ¬â¢t the impairments that causes the problems of disability, but that the responsibility for disability is placed squarely on society (Oliver, 1990); I argue that this lateral notion is no different, perhaps pioneering a new definition and need for nascent debate for a ââ¬ËSocial Model of Transgenderismâ⠬â¢. Practitioners should adopt clear aims to apply the ââ¬Ëcore valuesââ¬â¢ of Social Work (Thompson, 2000), thus ensuring they work within an anti-oppressive framework which empowers trans individuals to access a range of services to which they are entitled. According to observations by Raj (2002), there is the requirement to express an attitude that is respectful, sensitive, accepting, validating, affirming, empathic, caring, compassionate, encouraging, supportive, and mutually trusting and trustworthy; the Social Model notion mentioned earlier would benefit the relationship between the ââ¬Ëservice provider and customerââ¬â¢; Raj goes on to add that this approach ensures an honest negotiation for services that is informed by a mutual contract of respect and trust for each other; this is currently negated by the specific experiences of transsexual people in the UK who are subjected to various hoops to obtain the treatments they desire, as according to Eyre in her work for Charing Cross, she advises the need for gender identity clinics to become more client focused (1999), signifying that potential conflicts still exist between professionals and differing trans client groups who fear personally negative outcomes of practitioner interventions, an issue that should to be addressed to ensure that the needs of transgender people are being considered appropriately and respectfully. Roles within practitioner intervention The three main areas of work with which practitioners are concerned with are to work effectively and efficiently with trans individuals following standards of conduct laid down by the GSCC (2002), to work effectively with the agencies who can assist trans people and thirdly, to use a pertinent role enabling individuals to move forward with their lives, roles that are important to enable individuals contend with feelings of despair and a lack of self worth, some even attempt suicide; furthermore, according to Monro (2000), she broadly writes; ââ¬ËEconomic exclusion is one example of transphobia, unless gender ambiguous people are able to successfully ââ¬Ëpassââ¬â¢ as male or female, are frequently victims of violence and abuse and like intersex people, are socially invisible with hardly any representation in the media, social policy and sexual minorities, and lack service provision in areas such as education, the family and the penal system.ââ¬â¢ If trans people regularly experience these ranges of prejudices, the urgency becomes clear for practitioners to engage trans individuals in resolving these injustices, therefore facilitating their rightful integration as equal citizens; furthermore, the ââ¬ËNational Association of State Mental Health Program Directorsââ¬â¢ indicates that not all trans individuals are at the same stage of self-acceptance and identity development (1999); this suggests that there are issues to be addressed in terms of trans peopleââ¬â¢s comfort levels in coming out and disclosing their minority status. Any practitionerââ¬â¢s intervention should assess for individualââ¬â¢s development in terms of their mental health, stress levels, self concept and access to social supports. Recognising that discrimination against trans people is pervasive in this society (T.A.P. 1999), practitioners are faced with issues of prejudices experienced on a daily basis by individuals which includes being denied housing, employment, medical treatment, legal protection or some aspects of ââ¬Ëhate crimeââ¬â¢ in the community. During 1999, transsexual individuals met with key figures at a local health authority to look at patientââ¬â¢s clinical needs as they would for any other group (PFC, 1999); this experience contributed to the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ââ¬ËReport of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual Peopleââ¬â¢ in April 2000 (Home Office). You read "Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ââ¬Ëtransphobiaââ¬â¢" in category "Papers" This experience simply highlights how by acting in a significant ââ¬Ëactivistââ¬â¢ role and engaging individuals in small, localised issues of concern, can prove to be a stimulating and empowering experience and shows how such efforts by trans people can be used to good effect in proposals for a national governmental initiative thus helping to further break down the barriers of transphobia. As ââ¬Ëadvocatesââ¬â¢, it is essential to recognise the difficult positions that some trans individuals find themselves. Given that advocacy is something we approach others to take on board (Scottish Executive 2002) trans people become vulnerable as a result of the transphobic prejudices they face whether on a national scale via bad media experiences, or more directly from incidents within the local community. Some trans people do not have the close connections of friends and family to give the support that is required. The practitionerââ¬â¢s role in this case would be to ensure that trans individuals have a facility to speak out so that their views and feelings can be expressed in a safe environment without prejudice, and being an effective advocate that sees things from a trans persons perspective can empower individuals to make their own decisions, work a way forward and make some waves to resolve their difficulties. This has to be done on their terms and allows them to be in control of the whole process; for example, it is easy for advocates to do everything on an individualââ¬â¢s behalf, though is it only true advocacy if the trans individual was given the power to decide whether the practitioner acts on their behalf, or acts as an influential professional enabling the individual to do things for themselves. Practitioners effectively act as the link between individuals and the agencies and resources available to them. An example of the work of a ââ¬Ëbrokerââ¬â¢ is perhaps that of the financial advisor, familiar with the availability of financial packages; in this respect, the practitioner needs to have a very clear knowledge of the agencies, services and packages available to the trans individual. Despite scant resources, there are important organisations including, but not limited to, the Gender Trust, Beaumont Society, GIRES and PFC, each offering specific roles to trans people. One of the aims of GIRES (2003), is to provide education on gender identity issues; they offer financial support for the educational work carried on at local level by trans people who are unemployed or on low incomes. Understanding the eligibility of these funding resources is just as important as realising the different target groups that each of the remaining organisations are aimed at. In carrying out day to day work, the ââ¬ËTrans-Yorks Project (2003) gives inspirational examples of work undertaken by trans people within Yorkshire and Humberside; Trans-Yorks is an organisation run for and by trans people, though needless to say, many lessons can be learnt from observing a project giving ideas for practitioners to take on board in other areas. The founding ââ¬Ëcoordinatorââ¬â¢ also acted as the ââ¬Ëinitiatorââ¬â¢ who was responsible for bringing together the components of the voluntary organisation in so many different ways, which ranged from providing a telephone support helpline, discussion e-mail list, resourceful website, newsletter, information library, fundraising and social events. What resulted was the development of a constitution and a committee of trans people charged with the daily running of the groupsââ¬â¢ activities forging what is a forward thinking voluntary organisation which empowers local trans people to partake in the wider community and raise their own sense of identity, confidence and self esteem. Much can be learned here in developing the same resources elsewhere in the UK. ââ¬ËEducatingââ¬â¢ others about the issues of transphobia and trans lifestyles requires practitioners to become fully informed; they need to be ââ¬Ëknowledgeableââ¬â¢ in order to be effective, and can certainly provide a useful role in highlighting to trans individuals that the problems they have may well not be of their doing; certainly, being ââ¬Ëtoldââ¬â¢ that they have been the subjects of ââ¬Ëvictimisationââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëbullyingââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëharassmentââ¬â¢ can be empowering, and moreover, engages individuals to realise that there are acts, resources and agencies that can assist in overcoming the problems they face. An example is that the Protection from Harassment Act (1997) can be a powerful tool in engaging the individual with their local police force to resolve issues of ââ¬Ëhateââ¬â¢ crimes that have been made against them. Issues arise if the practitioner is not able to communicate this information effectively so that it is easily understood. Practitioners are often engaged in an ââ¬ËEnablerââ¬â¢ role with individuals; enabling a trans individual to cope with ââ¬Ëtransitionalââ¬â¢ stress from one gender to another, in being able to come to terms with, find and accept their own sense of gender identity, along with developing their place in the community is an important role to acknowledge. CCETSW (in Thompson 2000) explained the process of ensuring people have opportunities to explore their own strengths, and then break down the problems that they have into components so that they could be tackled more easily; this process will generally include establishing some aims and goals such as ascertaining access to education, obtaining and maintaining work, or simply finding new friends in the local community. Issues arise in overcoming trans peopleââ¬â¢s sense of poor self esteem and confidence, and so counselling skills formed from social work theories can be used in collaboration with other agencies and community projects, proving of benefit to the trans individual. It is worth noting that the majority of trans people, once they have settled their identity along the gender spectrum, often feel quite happy and contribute to society; however, there are some individuals who would benefit from being informed about the benefits of social work interventions at a level that best suits them, but which does not oppress them into an interventionists ââ¬Ëcontractââ¬â¢. A key task for practitioners is being involved with facilitating activities with local client groups, thus encouraging people to bring their ideas together either in brainstorming sessions, or opportunities that contribute to policy development or new initiatives to benefit the trans community and self defined by the group itself. As the ââ¬Ëfacilitatorââ¬â¢ in these situations, the essential part of a regular role for practitioners. According to Iowa State University (1992), developing a partnership of trust and ensuring everyone is fully involved in unity to achieve an agreed objective is the most essential task. This is a process that worked very well for Bockting et al (1999) who were charged with the task of getting together community representatives to develop an educational HIV prevention package for transgender people; the effective facilitation of this project resulted in increased partnership which led to a more effective campaign working towards promoting better health amongst transgender people. As in any other community, conflicts and problems do arise, and one of the key practitioner roles in any case is that of ââ¬Ëmediationââ¬â¢ in order to resolve conflicts and problems not just for the trans individuals, but also those closely related to them; one example specifically relates to a call in mediation in relation to trans parents, their partners and their children and often, Social Work practitioners are called in by the Childrenââ¬â¢s a Families section to make an assessment in terms of The Children Act 1989 and the Family Law Act 1996. According to Press for Change (2002) when a custody battle develops, the courts reluctantly award custody to the trans parent thus frequently place very severe restrictions on access, sometimes wholly forbidding access; this relates well with the fact that s.1 of The Children Act (1989) considers the interests of the child as being paramount and commonly, the trans birth parent will often feel oppressed and discriminated against; this is further compounded by the fact that the other parent and their social worker might assess that children could be disturbed by contact with a parent that has a trans identity. This therefore necessitates the role of mediation which enables the practitioner to educate and explain the situation to the close relations and friends to ensure contact is not lost and that access to their children is not prevented. In much of this, the role of ââ¬Ënegotiatorââ¬â¢ is often called for, and is not dissimilar to that of the neutral mediator. Getting a consensus even between the different factions of the trans community, and the agencies charged with providing a service to them does involve fighting for a middle ground that all sides can settle down to in order to achieve a consensus between all sides; the question is, just what is there to negotiate? A look back on all the different roles that practitioners play will reveal the deep seated transphobia that trans people face in their lives, and in every aspect of intervention with trans people will mean coming to the bargaining table to achieve the one thing that trans people seek to achieve, a sense of fairness, justice and most all, the right to equality and respect. Conclusion Raj (2002) made some important recommendations in working towards an overall goal of providing a ââ¬Ëtranspositive and therapeuticââ¬â¢ approach that is ââ¬Ëtrans affirmativeââ¬â¢ and which considers individual trans individuals using a ââ¬Ëbest fitââ¬â¢ approach; the suggestion here is that rather than perhaps working to a gender binary approach, that instead a reflexive role be taken on which accommodates and appreciates the needs of the specific gender that an individual feels to be, even if it doesnââ¬â¢t fit in with societal norms thus eliminating any opportunities for transphobia to occur in the relationship with practitioner and the individual Indeed, the practitioner can apply their role appropriately depending on the practice setting, and that the needs, wishes and feelings of the individual trans person are taken into consideration first and foremost, and certainly before those of the practitioner; Furthermore, the recommendations given by Raj are significant in that suggestions are given for ongoing professional development ensuring that practitioners are ââ¬Ëawareââ¬â¢ of current trends and issues in transgenderism. Not only will such an approach ensure a more effective collaboration between practitioner and individual, but also assures the individual will not only receive the best quality professional response, but that the agency can report an increasingly value for money service which responds to, and is accepted by the trans community. How to cite Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ââ¬Ëtransphobiaââ¬â¢, Papers hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-46269111262848803552019-12-06T14:50:00.001-08:002019-12-06T14:50:04.767-08:00Social Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal- myassignmenthelp Question: Discuss about theSocial Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal Community. Answer: Social Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal Community of Australia The WHO defines social determinants of health as the conditions in which people are born in, grow, work, live and get old. They include the forces and systems shaping the conditions of life that people face(WHO, 2017). The conditions are linked to economic and social situations and the way they are distributed within the community. McMurray Clendon (2015) suggests that such factors affect access and utilization of health patterns by promoting or restraining the efforts of the individual. The Aboriginal community of Australia is one of the marginalized communities that have been exposed to conditions of life for a very long time. This report analyses five social determinants of health; education, employment, environment, housing and child development to determine the way they affect health patterns of the Aboriginal community in Australia. Education is an important social determinant of health since its attainment influences health throughout the life-span of the individual. The higher the education, the better the level of access to health and other social needs like job, income and sense of control(Baxter Hand, 2013). Further, in healthcare, health literacy determines how people interpret their health situations thus leading them to develop the sick role that allows them seek medication. The Aboriginal group of Australia reports higher school dropout than any other group in Australia. This process limits their life opportunities to access jobs that can increase income levels and allow easy access to healthcare. Most people in the population have low literacy levels that limits their interpretation of the environment around them and understanding the importance of developing and leading healthy lifestyle patterns. Apart from access to life resources that can improve access to health, Kolahdooz, Nader, Yi, Sharma (2015) argues that education in itself is a learning process that allows people to develop surveillance attitudes that keep them informed of the life around them. Significant gaps reported in the Aboriginal community as compared to the non-aboriginal community create barriers for their access and limit their ability to access healthcare. Since education is directly linked to healthcare, then the more the population stays less educated, the lesser their access to proper health patterns. The community remains less informed and their ability to interact with health providers and access full range of services becomes limited. Employment leads to increased income that creates more health-seeking opportunities, improves living standards, emotional abilities and social wellbeing of the individual. One factor that limits access to health is lack of income or resources to meet health-related needs. Since health is not free, people have to use their resources to access health(Cooklin, L., Strazdins, Nicholos, 2011). The Aboriginal community has low employment opportunities standing at an average of 15% since most of them lack tertiary education (Australian Bureau of Statitics, 2017). Since the community has lower education levels, then the percentage of those who are employed is low thus limiting the communitys ability to access and afford healthcare. Employment may also lead to access to other health-related factors like, food and living conditions that may shape the overall health of the individual. The aboriginals live in poor conditions that may affect their health. Housing creates conditions that promote or inhibit health in different ways. These conditions contribute to the physical health of the individual since they create conditions that shape the health of the individual. (Bailie, Mcdonald, Stevens, Guthridge, Brewster, 2011)Poor housing conditions like overcrowding, dampness, and indoor pollutants can lead to physical illnesses like typhoid, diarrhea, and respiratory diseases. Most aboriginal in the country live in inappropriate housing conditions and other private spaces since they lack affordability to good dwellings since appropriate housing is difficult to afford with only 6.7% of the group affording better housing. Most of their hoses require major repairs to make them conducive for stay (Australian Bureau of Statitics, 2017). Further, the government has done little effort to improve the conditions within the locality that such people stay thus creating more hazards to them. The environment has complex effects on the health of the individual. Since this defines places where people stay and the factors that define them. Then, the environment exposes the individual to physical, chemical, social, and biological hazards that affect their health(Bambra, Gibson, Sowden, Wright, Whitehead, 2010). Such factors shape exposure to conditions that may harm the individual or make them sick. Lack of education exposes people to ignorant lifestyles that create a harmful environment while lack of income reduces their ability to afford required standards of living thus exposing them to different types of hazards that are defined by the environment that people dwell in. The Aboriginals are faced with this problem since they cannot afford better dwellings thus live in an environment that is full of hazards that affect their life. Early childhood development of children follows the social gradient that they are brought up in. Socio-economic factors produce inequalities among children in access to opportunities that may shape their current and future health patterns. Further, socio-cultural conditions that children are brought up determine their health patterns based on the daily conditions and individual health-related behaviors that they are exposed to(Bauman, 2011). Aboriginal children are raised by uninformed parents who may expose them to poor health conditions thus exposing them to environmental hazardous that define their dwellings. Such children may grow up with some health challenges due to limited access to resources. Such inequalities affect the overall health of the child thus creating poor health outcomes. Social determinants of health are defined by different conditions that people stay in. such conditions shape their behaviors and may control their health seeking patterns due to lack of resources. The Aboriginal people of Australia are affected with these determinants because they lag behind all the factors that shape health. The government can intervene to improve the conditions through affirmative action thus reducing the barriers that define the determinants that they face and making their life better. Social determinants define health through increasing or limiting opportunities. References Australian Bureau of Statitics(2017). Health. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statitics: https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home%5CTopics+@+a+Glance Bailie R.S., Mcdonald, E., Stevens, M., Guthridge, S., Brewster, D. (2011). Evaluation of an Australian indigenous housing programme: community level impact on crowding, infrastructure function and hygiene. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 432-437. Bambra, C., Gibson, M., Sowden, A., Wright, K., Whitehead. (2010). Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64, 284-291. Bauman, Z. (2011). Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Baxter, J., Hand, K. (2013). Access to early childhood education in Australia . Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Cooklin, A., L., C., Strazdins, L., Nicholos, J. (2011). Employment conditions and maternal postpartum mental health: results from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 14, 217-225. Kolahdooz, F., Nader, F., Yi, K. J., Sharma, S. (2015). Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions. Global Health Action, 8(10). McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2015). Community Health and Wellness: Primary Health Care in Practice. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone. WHO. (2017). Social determinants of health. WHO. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-42113446130543162362019-11-29T04:05:00.001-08:002019-11-29T04:05:05.871-08:00Process Performance Data for the Metric Identified In the Pizza Store Layout Simulation In the Pizza Store Layout simulation, performance data metric has been performed with regard to the following points: the tables (designed for the group of two and four), the wait staff, the ovens, the kitchen staff, and the menu point. In this simulation, it was necessary to find formula according to which all of the above points should be rearrange to increase the profits, increase customersââ¬â¢ satisfaction with the service by reducing the wait time, and decrease the queues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Process Performance Data for the Metric Identified In the Pizza Store Layout Simulation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the end of week four, that the average wait time equaled to 11.30 and the queue length was 3 (The Pizza Store Layout Simulation, n. d.). The profits amounted to $ 1065 whereas the total costs was $ 2025 (The Pizza Store Layout Simulation, n. d.). All these results are beyond the est ablished limits, which can have serious consequences on sales in future. The owner of the Pizzeria kept 4 tables for four people and 8 units for a group of two. According to him, 4 waiters and 2 cookers were enough to increase the sales and revenues. However, the problem lied in inefficient functioning of the ovens. As a result, the processing time was about 15 minutes, which greatly contributed to the waiting time. Applying the Learning Curve Concepts to Test the Alternative to the Process While applying to the learning curve theory, it is possible to compare the changes made. I primarily focused on the number of tables for different groups of people. With this change alone, the profit increased up to $ 1519 and the loss amounted to $ 570. The wait time was also reduced by almost two time whereas the queue length has decreased up to 2.49. At this point, the learning curve concept can be applied by analyzing the utilization achieved the ownerââ¬â¢s management. Under the newly imp lemented chance, the tables for a group of four people reached 98 % utilization, tables for two people have 85 % utilization, the kitchen staff percentage amounted to 65 % and, finally the percentage of the waiting staff utilization was over 86 % (The Pizza Store Layout Simulation, n. d.). Under the management of the owner, the tables for four had almost 100 % utilization with no distribution left for the table of two (The Pizza Store Layout Simulation, n. d.). The waiting staff was used with a frequency of 75 % and the kitchen staff utilization amount to 56%. As a result of this distribution, the Pizzeria experienced about $ 1.140 of lost sales, with 10.51 minutes of average waiting time (The Pizza Store Layout Simulation, n. d.). Much consideration should be paid the menu. Renting Cream Puff has been a right decision because it contributed to increasing demand and the average wait time has been significantly decreased. Despite the losses, the profit is $ 2040, which contributed to flexibility of the restaurant (The Pizza Store Layout Simulation, n. d.).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regarding this comparative analysis, an alternative variant of performance process provides significant improvement to the work of the staff is the major emphasis is placed on the distribution of tables and staff coordination (Chase et al., 2006). In this respect, the learning curve allows to develop a comprehensive and accurate solution to the problem and introduce possible alternatives to maximize the profits and increase customer satisfaction. Regarding the above-presented strategies and assumptions, learning curve has a number of advantages for testing performance and data and providing viable solutions. First, learning curve theories enables to track the changes that occur to different points if one index has been changed. Second, the learning curve theory provides a better picture of bottom lines of performance. References Chase, R. B., Jacobs, F. R., Aquilano, N. J. (2006) Operations management for competitive advantage (11th ed). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. The Pizza Store Layout Simulation. (n. d.). Operation Mangement. University of Phoenix. Web. This essay on Process Performance Data for the Metric Identified In the Pizza Store Layout Simulation was written and submitted by user Travis Golden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-82700913918852011272019-11-25T11:39:00.001-08:002019-11-25T11:39:05.321-08:00Sir Gawain and the Green Knigh essaysSir Gawain and the Green Knigh essays Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is about a challenge... A challenge no one would dare ever take except for Gawain. In King Arthurs court he came in, offering the challenge. This challenge was to strike down the Green Knight with his own axe but there was a catch. The challenger must be slain as well by the green knight in a year and one day later at a place called the Green chapel. When the Green Knight was sliced and was headless, people were shocked to find out that he could still move, thus having Gawain take the blow on that specific date. Around autum, Gawain left King Arthurs castle to journey to the Green Chapel, knowing it would be a long journey there. Boy was his journey hard! Gawain had to face beasts, hunger, and the cold that was growing as the days passed. A month or two has passed and Gawain faintly saw a castle to which he was welcomed. In this castle a deal was made, a sort of trade perhaps. Everytime the owner of the castle (Bertilak) hunted down any beast out in the wilderness, Gawain had to give him what Gawain earned at the castle for staying behind. So Betilak went and for the first hunt, got a deer. Gawain kissed him for that, since during his time at the caslte, Betilaks wife gave Gawain a kiss. Same thing for the next day, but two kisses instead, and the third day, a fox and three kisses BUT Betilaks wife also gave Gawain a cloth that would protect him from death. When Gawain gave three kisses to Betilak, he didnt give the cloth to him (cheater) and on the next day, Gawain left for the Green Chapel. Gawain finally reached the Green Chapel at that exact day to what the Green Knight mentioned about. The green knight comes and slices Gawain but Gawain survived. Then the green knight revealed himself to be Bertilak (this is when his name is mentioned in the story) and knew about the cloth. Gawain was still a very good warrior but wore the gridle on his arm to... hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-11805885064076963702019-11-21T19:03:00.001-08:002019-11-21T19:03:03.417-08:00You can write one that fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsYou can write one that fits - Essay Example Their works of arts are influenced directly by nature. For instance, Themistokles on his view of Laerdalsoren predominantly employs the use of organic shapes. The southern landscape has some elements of irregularity or rounded forms as directly viewed in the vegetation, rocks, ocean clouds and the sky. The mountain ridges are seen in the background bear curving terrains. The following are the examples of the pieces of art from the two artists. On the other hand, Roberts in his art also considered organic shapes as clearly seen in his work. The terrain around the temple bear smooth curving. The few palm trees seen near the temple have long curving branches. Consequently, the numerously green cover vegetation beneath the tall palms is well represented in the artwork. The irregular bayonet shaped leaves of the palms frond flutter in the sea breeze. In both artworks, above the tidal waves of the sea is the blue sky where the clouds are ambiguous and in a constant morphing into new shapes. The two art pieces can be good examples where the atmospheric perspective technique has been incorporated since the two artists subtlety alters colors, value and details so as to provide a real sense of being in the sunshine state of a tropical climate. In his working, Roberts uses tones of pale yellow color to unite the sandy beach and the sky evoking a humid and hazy atmosphere Egypt is well known for that. The figure of the composition it the smooth curving rocky terrain in the left of the Themistoklesââ¬â¢ View of Laerdalsoren extending all the way to the background and surrounding the sea. In the center, lie the ocean, a boat, and some people riding horses at the beach. There is also a white road leading to another bay in the other side of the ocean. The road and the other structures at the other side are diminishing in sizes giving an impression of the increased distance between them and the viewer. These far away structures are seen beyond an increased hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-3944185186944104092019-11-20T16:32:00.001-08:002019-11-20T16:32:07.005-08:00Macroeconomics. Price level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsMacroeconomics. Price level - Essay Example Economists have noted that in long run, inflation and unemployment becomes increasingly unrelated to each other. That means a change in the unemployment seems to have little or no effect on the inflation and vice versa. Inflation is also inversely proportional to the total consumer spending. As inflation goes up consumers are wary of spending and hold their purchases as dearly as possible. This is due to the fact that when prices rise there is also a hike in the expected price levels in the future that has an adverse effect on the consumer spending. When prices increase the consumer spending power comes down and disposable incomes are significantly lower. When unemployment is low and there is an increase in price level, wages will rise in response to higher prices. This is because in low unemployment situation, employees can successfully demand full compensation for the higher prices. This has spiralling effect on both the wages and general input costs along with the rate of inflation. All these factors tend to leapfrog each other under low unemployment. When unemployment is moderate, however, the employees will not be compensated in full and will have to settle for less, and so the wage costs do not rise as fast as prices when unemployment is high. ... This will stop the rise of the prices and rate of increase in inflation. Under full unemployment, the wage costs will be sufficiently low to hold the prices down and unless the regulatory authorities step in the market will go into a deflationary mode. In between the full and low rate of unemployment there is a certain level that's just high enough that costs and prices rise at the same level, so that inflation remains a stable level. (Pettinger). This unique rate of unemployment is called the non-accelerating-inflation rate of unemployment or NAIRU in short. Economists note that in developed economies such as Australia, the tendency of the rate of unemployment automatically has a tendency to reach the NAIRU rate of employment. Whenever there is inflationary pressure, the unemployment in the long term adjusts itself towards NAIRU rendering the short term Phillips curve invalid. The below figure shows that "an extra one percentage point of unemployment pushes the inflation rate down by about 0.4 percentage points in the following year--more in some years, less than others." (DeLong, 2002). Expectation of a price rise' & its impact on consumption spending: When inflation is on the rise and prices of commodities increases, it raises the expectation of the price level also. Initially higher inflation expectations can have an emotional effect because when consumers expect a generalized rise in prices across essential goods and services, then it makes them accelerate their spending to prevent paying higher prices later, providing a near-term increase in consumption. However provided the interest rates are not changed, the consumptions comes down as people adjust their spending to match their dispensable income until they hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-90008872174365818142019-11-18T15:25:00.001-08:002019-11-18T15:25:04.288-08:00Communication Skill Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1Communication Skill Assessment - Assignment Example Additionally, I have received complaints and opinions from friends and coworkers about the deficiency of proper communication skills. For example, I seem confused when communicating with the seniors or express discomfort when talking in a group discussion (Duffy et al.,à 2004). Through the assessment, I have noticed a significant gap in my communication abilities particularly in public. I have a serious problem in communicating to an extent that I prefer the use of email and text messages to verbal communication. Specifically, I hate face-to-face contact because I lack the required confidence to face individuals regardless of their status or gender (Krizan,à Jones, & Merrier,à 2002). When speaking, lecturing or expressing an opinion in a public gathering, I find myself lost in words, confused and disorganized such that I fail to pass my message. However, this does not mean that I do not have the required content, but rather that I lack an essential skill to enhance my communication. The reliance on non-verbal communication has adversely affected my skills. I frequently use email and text to communicate with workmates within the office. Consequently, this has affected my relationships and further incapacitated my delivery of essential messages when called upon to present relevant company analysis (Krizan,à Jones, & Merrier,à 2002; Baack, 2012). The dependence on technologically enhanced communication such as text messaging and emailing has impaired my communication, creating a significant gap between my working and social life. In short, my consistent use of technology enhanced communication models has resulted in a visible communication gap that reflects in my productivity and social life. The prevalence of the problem is so adverse that there is a need to find an immediate solution. Specifically, this is because I have to be a better speaker as I am constantly required to provide the financial status of the organization (Krizan,à Jones, & hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-819179073891289732019-11-16T03:58:00.001-08:002019-11-16T03:58:12.208-08:00Wal Marts Sustainability Strategy Management EssayWal Marts Sustainability Strategy Management Essay Wal-Mart attained its present stature as a leader of discount retailer solely due to the innovative vision of its founder Sam Walton. Wal-Mart still today follows the traditional goals and philosophies left behind by Sam, coupled with the practice of keeping one step ahead of ever changing technologies and the nature of the business environment in which it operates. In spite of the controversies over different issues confronting it and still being faced, the future is bright, if and only if it strikes a comfortable balance seen increasing in its profit and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities. Evaluation of Design process: The success of Wal-Mart lies mainly due its sound managerial decisions and the innovative implementation of sustainability strategies to dramatically reduce the companys impact on the global environment and in an effort to become the most competitive and innovative company in the world. The company believed in the three cardinal principles, that is To be supplied 100 percent by renewable energy; to create zero waste; and to sell products that sustaining our resources and the environment. The gist of the decision implementation by Wal-Mart lies in its ability to build a solid working relationship with both suppliers and employees, taking note of the most intricate details in store layout and necessary merchandising techniques, capitalizing in every cost saving technique, and creating a high performance spirit. Below are some of the important strategies implemented by Wal-Mart which were responsible for its success. One of it first initiative was to launch a campaign to encourage its s uppliers to provide environment friendly and safe products in recyclable or biodegradable packaging at no additional cost. Wal-Mart intended to influence its suppliers to spend more on RD so as to find the safer modes of processing and packing and that too without passing the cost on to them. This wasnt a strategy indented to make it rich, but it was a started as a campaign for environmental benefit and which earned them a lot of good will among environmentalist. Wal-Mart also started creating green shelf tags to mark the products the vendors created that were environmentally friendly. This was one of it first step towards sustainability. But slowly company lost track of its primary strategic priorities. Wal-Mart soon realized this and started to revamp its sustainable strategy in an effort to make it to be long lasting and deeply embed it in its operations as envisaged by Scott. Scott lead the sustainability strategy to keep the environmental improvements tightly coupled with the business value and profitability for the strategy to succeed as well as challenged themselves to find new ways to drive measureable results. Several proposals were considered and many of which had bigger ideas on how Wal-Mart could profitably reduce environmental impacts. In the initial proposals put forward Wal-Mart wanted to differentiate itself from its competition, maintain a license to grow, and remain consistent to its commitment and serving customer with everyday low prices by perusing an offensive strategy. The management realized that sustainability could represents the biggest opportunity for the 21st century and proposed that Wal-Mart and its complex supply chain could become even more efficient by making its operations even more environment friendly. They believed if sustainability was to be taken seriously, it meant not just the environment and but also includes health care, wages, ethical sourcing and globalization and everything as a whole. With this in mind Wal-Mart started its campaign initially focusing on the environment. Large part of it efforts were spent working with the various Government and Environmental agencies to identify which of its products and processes created greatest environmental impacts. After its large scale investigation Wal-Mart narrowed down the problem to 3 primary areas: Energy, Waste and Products, and decided that it would focus its environmental goals for reducing the Wal-Marts impact on the environment. Increasing energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, and reducing waste in retail operations were decided to be the direct goals à ¢Ã
½Ã ¯ goals that could be achieved by making changes that were within Wal-Marts more immediate control. It understood that providing more sustainable products was an indirect goal which would also require the involvement of Wal-Mart suppliers and their help to accomplish . Wal-Mart also learned that the best way to generate good will is to serve society as it did for the hurricane Karina victims. It actively participated in helping provide relief to the people of New Orleans and its surrounding areas as a result earned the trust of every one. Next the company came up with 14 sustainable value networks with a leader identified who would be driving the sustainability in different parts of the business. As the sustainability effort picked up momentum it was quick to realize that the sustainability doesnt involve extra work but is only a new way of approaching ones own work. Hence it started assigning new responsibility for people in their existing position rather than creating new jobs and made it an integral part of the work every one performed. Other notable change of the implementation was to look outside, which was a major shift from the usual way Wal-Mart used to conduct its operations focused internally. The strategy represented a major cultural change for the organization, seeking ideas from all consultants, NGOs suppliers, eco-friendly competitors, academicians and even its critics. It is also engaged in a dialogue with the government regarding climate change and a curb on green house gas emissions. The collaborativ e approach was doing wonders and it decided to make it a part of the ongoing sustainability model. All across the 14 value networks, hundreds of external entities where asked to join and participate on an ongoing basis and the primary criterion was to include and engage folks who are genuinely committed to desired future outcomes. Wal-Mart started engaging in dialog with government policy makers regarding climate change. It opposed a carbon tax as it will be passed on to customers and therefore advocated a cap and trade system and endorsed proposals for market based programs for reducing green gas emissions. The networks were encourage to develop a sensing organization that is aware of the external business environment, and able to incorporate this perspective into business decisions that create long term value. The networks were give the freedom to define their own sustainability objectives and plot their own course. The strategy can briefly be summed up as ENGAGE , EXPLORE and EXP AND. Engagement mean looking beyond Wal-Marts traditional stakeholders to identify and work with a broader community of participants that could provide information, subject matter expertise, and other resources to help Wal-Mart further define and achieve its environmental goals. Exploration included analyzing the life cycle of particular products. Exploration included analyzing the life cycle of particular products or services and investigating the related environmental issues. Determine where and how the company could change its business model to address the needs and concerns of this broader community, as well as its traditional stakeholders. Global logistics were able to leverage existing programs and quickly started to making progress by improving the fuel efficiency by 25 percent. As China is a geography and the fact that it touched all the networks Wal-Mart was in a fix as what is to be done. Wal-Marts goal was to build strong relationships and develop overall business partners for capable to attain excellent standards in ethical and environmental areas in the supply of quality and safe products and components and then spread this to other suppliers with whom business is to be developed. IN addition Wal-Mart intends to provide suppliers with Valuable knowledge and process assistance through relationships with NGOs in its networks. Wal-Mart set up compliance organization that monitored supplier performance in China and other countries around the world. Wal-Mart complains audit primarily focused on health and safety issues and it measured suppliers against its four identified metrics- Water treatment, Waste management, Banned chemicals and air emissions. Improvement in seafood network around the world was made possible through possible though implementation of MSC- accredited certifying agencies. MSE certification was entrusted to third parties which audited and certified fisheries and processes to ensure that products were managed sustainably from boat to plate. MSE certification firstly was to address sustainability of wild caught fish and later to ACC certification for farm raced fish. Wal-Mart identified 5 primary initiative for setting up of group to rally around MSC certification : Certification, Cluster Farming, Marine Reserves, Public Awareness, External collaboration. Wal-Mart goal was to increase the number of fisheries and processing plants in the MSC certification program. Supplies would refer the fisheries to MSC and have them use MSC eco labels on their products, in order to start buying as much certified fishes as possible. The direct cost of MSC certification was paid for by boat operators and processing plants. Immed iate benefits were seen through the certification initiative because of greater transparency in the sea food supply chain. As MS required a chain of custody to guarantee that the fish was virtually indistinguishable from the rest. Benefits through sustainability were seen in improved transportation efficiencies, elimination of stock-outs and raw material shortages, reduction in supplier costs though standardized packaging, etc. Wal-Mart delegated the implementation of MSC to the suppliers and the suppliers motivated to building the relationship were compelled to adopt the strategies there by gaining trust of Wal-Mart. This building relationships allowed Wal-Mart to talk on behalf of suppliers, defend their points and explain to other associates the importance of this relationships. In Electronic network Wal-Mart identified six key areas of focus: Material innovation, E-Waste, Legislation, Green Engineering, Metrics, Training and Education. Their strategy was to provide their customers with sustainable product choices utilizing a supply chain that improves the quality of life of all stakeholders. Wal-Mart had to make guaranteed orders to the suppliers sell only RoHS-compliant products to customers. By five years they made sure that every computer that they bought in US was RoHS compliant. Wal-Mart also introduced many initiative at reducing e-waste by starting may programs like recycling take-back programs. Wal-Mart also focused on advocating for national standards for both hazardous substances and e-waste. Organic cotton innovation project received top priority of the textiles network. They adopted clear standards (USDA guidelines) for organic cotton farming and manufacturing processes. Got permit to use a certain hazardous chemicals were safer substitutes were not yet commercially available. The strategy in cotton textiles is to develop and environmentally garment made of renewable material combine with he process is efficient with minimum wage and use of inputs with a minimum toxicity. When three chemicals were identified. with a negative ratings it encourage suppliers to use most sustainable substitutes. Wal-Mart was cautious in not sharing widely these metrics for a fear of boomerang on other products in itself, but only told customers that it cared for their health. The game changer project is to reduce the impact of environment and textile manufacture, which of recent origin. It also played it safe by not putting its green tags, not forced the manufacturer to take responsibility for promoting environment and health benefits for their products and left if for them to decide To conclude Wal-Mart saw and overwhelmingly large array of opportunities that remain untapped and decided to continue to identify and pursue the opportunities with max environmental benefits and business value. Improvements in Design and Design Process: Following are some of the strategies that they could implement to improve their business All the Wal-Mart stores can be made using Green constuction all over the world. Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption, Water efficieny, Waste reduction etc. Solar panels could be installed at each the store locations, their by reducing the energy wastage. Energy for extravagant use can be reduced. The neon lights use for advertisement and display of products during late night hours can be given up, energy saved is energy produced. Expand activities in international markets beyond China in the Asian Sub continent. Instead of sticking to price alone importance may be given to quality with a marginal increase in price by Wal-Mart and let the neighborhood stores deal with products of low price to meet corporate social responsibility and to minimize resistance from neighborhood associations . To cut down costs the finished items which are of lesser weight compare to their original raw state like fish and textile may be processed at the place of their availability (even in foreign places) itself and move only the finished items to the distribution centers, and also taking advantage of differential labor cost in to consideration and their logistic advantages. Intense and mandatory training for all employees must be organized. All employees must have profound knowledge about the goals and strategy of the organization. we dont know the formulation, Manufacturers would decide to do this based on their own level of confidence in the sustainability-related attributes of their products Should never happen. Wal-Mart must have a good understanding about the product they sell. Wal-Mart identified three chemicals which has bad impact on health such as chemicals which can cause Cancer and birth defects. Wal-Mart urged suppliers and vendors to use substitutes for these harmful chemicals. Although these three chemicals were substituted, Wal-Mart was unsure about the formulation and aftereffects of these chemicals which made them reluctant to promote or putting their green tags. As the result, the manufactures were forced to complete the necessary scientific research on these substitutes and use safe chemicals. Wal-Marts employees have a basic understanding about the green initiatives. The internal communication programs and external media coverage helps the associates to know more about Wal-Mart Strategy. The most beneficial and valuable input Wal-Mart receive to promote its green products is through its associates as associates are often Wal-Mart customers. These inputs helps Wal-Mart to save time as their employees need a little time to learn about customers preferences. The success of wal mart lies in its sound managerial decisions and the innovative implementation of these decisions. The company believed in the three cardinal principles of :- 1) Customer value and service 2) Partnership with its employees who are regarded as associates, and 3) Community service The gist of the decision implementation by wal mart lies in its ability to build a solid working relationship with both suppliers and employees, taking note of the most intricate details in store layout and necessary merchandising techniques, capitalizing in every cost saving technique, and creating a high performance spirit. All steps are taken to provide customers what they want at the apt time and that too at competitive prices and to build and maintain a reputation for absolute trustworthiness, The wal mart stores operate on every day low prices by passing on savings to their customers, the stores make constant efforts to improve key business process, managing them centrally and investing in them heavily for long term pay back. The stores were quick in testing , adapting and applying a range of cutting- edge merchandising approaches and was able to learn quickly from the success and failures of competitors. The company invested heavily in its unique cross -docking inventory system to achieve economies of scale, making it possible to supply goods just in time and at low prices. Cross- docking at the store level. The company provides individual managers more control at the store level. The company owns its own transportation system to move goods in time from warehouse to shelves much faster than their competitors. It has its own largest and most sophisticated computer system. Its Manually Parallel Processor computer system helps in tracking stock movement and collect timely information related to sales and inventory position disseminated through satellite communication system Wal mart has leveraged its volume buying power with its suppliers. It negotiates the best prices from its vendors and expects commitment of quality goods. The purchasing agents are much focused people. Even though it is a tough negotiator for rock bottom prices, the company worked closely with its suppliers to develop mutual respect and forge long term partnerships for mutual benefit. It also has an automated recorder system linking computers between P G and its stores and distribution centers. The interaction between P G and Wal Mart helps greater co-ordination; P G can reduce costs and pass on savings to wal Mart. Wal Mart buys American products whenever and wherever possible, if these products provide the sane quality and affordability as their foreign counterparts. Environment concerns the wal mart significantly .A prototype store was opened in Lawrence, Kansas, which was designed to be environment friendly, provide environment education and recycling centers. Wal Mart also adopts the low cost theme for its facilities. Temperature is controlled centrally to conserve energy (How successful is wal mart get details of increase in sales, debt position, operating costs, cost of sales and then comment) Problems Wal mart replaced the then leaders -Sears and Kmans in 1991 in retailing. Its strong competitive position and rapid growth performance cant be guaranteed for long. The top position enjoyed by it can be wiped out by one small bad move wiping out all good things in stroke, therefore every single move in its business operations will have to be well thought out and properly executed Wal marts success is mainly due to the single Business Strategy and its Corporate Social Responsibility. It would like to continue its strategy and push hard to increase its market share if not at least maintain it. This strategy has the risk of putting all eggs in one basket. Secondly, if the present trend continues Wal Mart will reach its zenith in the near future. Once this is reached, it will slow down and Company requires diversifying for future growth. Retail stores can compete on several grounds -service, price, exclusively, quality and fashion on which Wal Mart has the competitive edge. However, other merchants object to the entry of Wal Mart as they can not face the competition due to their small scale and many neighborhood stores were driven out. Mounting opposition to big retailers is now a serious problem with neighborhood associations promising to fight the retailers tooth and claws. As a result the road ahead of Wal Mart may not be smooth as expected in the future. Wal Mart increased the number of retail stores and also Super centre divisions to take up grocery retailing also. Wal Mart moved to overseas markets through joint ventures with an international division formed in 1944 to manage international growth located in South America, Europe and Asia. In 2005 October. Lee Scot, wat Marts President announced that Wat Mart was launching a sweeping business sustainability strategy to drastically reduce its impact on the global environment and thus become a competitive and innovative company in the world. He urged the associates and suppliers to be a good steward of the environment under the same time be profitable. He declared that Wal Mart is committed to the three aspiration goals of being supplied with 100% renewable energy, reduce waste to zero level and to sell product that sustain natural resources and the environment. Against it his background, Andrew Ruben, Vice President of corporate and business sustainability and director Tyler and Elm led the sustainability strategy and recognized the fact that the environment can be protected coupled with business value and profitability. With this end in view, Wal Mart focused on the companied three focal areas-sea food, electronics and textiles- and their effect in the companies operations, supplier relationships and results; and explain how the companies measuring and communicating its ideas about sustainability to its associates, customers and the general public. hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7201038014518335581.post-58374278214834231082019-11-13T16:29:00.001-08:002019-11-13T16:29:04.494-08:00Male Circumcision: A Social And Medical Misconception Essay -- essays Male Circumcision: A Social and Medical Misconception University of Johns Hopkins Introduction Male circumcision is defined as a surgical procedure in which the prepuce of the penis is separated from the glands and excised. (Mosby, 1986) Dating as far back as 2800 BC, circumcision has been performed as a part of religious ceremony, as a puberty or premarital rite, as a disciplinary measure, as a reprieve against the toxic effects of vaginal blood, and as a mark of slavery. (Milos & Macris, 1992) In the United States, advocacy of circumcision was perpetuated amid the Victorian belief that circumcision served as a remedy against the ills of masturbation and systemic disease. (Lund, 1990) The scientific community further reinforced these beliefs by reporting the incidence of hygiene-related urogenital disorders to be higher in uncircumcised men. Circumcision is now a societal norm in the United States. Routine circumcision is the most widely practiced pediatric surgery and an estimated one to one-and-a-half million newborns, or 80 to 90 percent of the population, are circumcised. (Lund, 1990) Despite these statistics, circumcision still remains a topic of great debate. The medical community is examining the need for a surgical procedure that is historically based on religious and cultural doctrine and not of medical necessity. Possible complications of circumcision include hemorrhage, infection, surgical trauma, and pain. (Gelbaum, 1992) Unless absolute medical indications exist, why should male infants be exposed to these risks? In essence, our society has perpetuated an unnecessary surgical procedure that permanently alters a normal, healthy body part. This paper examines the literature surrounding the debate over circumcision, delineates the flaws that exist in the research, and discusses the nurse's role in the circumcision debate. Review of Literature Many studies performed worldwide suggest a relationship between lack of circumcision and urinary tract infection (UTI). In 1982, Ginsberg and McCracken described a case series of infants five days to eight months of age hospitalized with UTI. (Thompson, 1990) Of the total infant population hospitalized with UTI, sixty-two were males and only three were circumcised. (Thompson, 1990) Based on this information, the researchers speculated that, "the uncircumcised male has an increased susceptibili... ...a cultural and religious ritual and has been maintained over the decades despite the risks associated with this nonessential, surgical procedure. The current literature does not reveal a need for circumcision in the neonate. However, circumcision in the male neonate will continue to be a topic of wide debate until the risks can be shown, without a doubt, to outweigh the benefits. Circumcision has truly become a social norm in our country that the medical community attempts to justify with weak and inaccurate research. According to the ANA, it is not the role of the nurse to decide for the parent on the need for circumcision in the infant. Rather, it is the nurse's role to present all of the information in an unbiased manner and remain an advocate of the rights of the patient. Nurse's need to realistically analyze the data available and decide if they truly are an advocate, or are merely following in the steps of their colleagues. References American Nurses Association (1991). Standards of clinical nursing practice. Washington, D.C.: American Nurses Association. Gelbaum, I. (1992). Circumcision to educate not indoctrinate-a mandate for certified nurse-midwives. Journal of Nurse- Male Circumcision: A Social And Medical Misconception Essay -- essays Male Circumcision: A Social and Medical Misconception University of Johns Hopkins Introduction Male circumcision is defined as a surgical procedure in which the prepuce of the penis is separated from the glands and excised. (Mosby, 1986) Dating as far back as 2800 BC, circumcision has been performed as a part of religious ceremony, as a puberty or premarital rite, as a disciplinary measure, as a reprieve against the toxic effects of vaginal blood, and as a mark of slavery. (Milos & Macris, 1992) In the United States, advocacy of circumcision was perpetuated amid the Victorian belief that circumcision served as a remedy against the ills of masturbation and systemic disease. (Lund, 1990) The scientific community further reinforced these beliefs by reporting the incidence of hygiene-related urogenital disorders to be higher in uncircumcised men. Circumcision is now a societal norm in the United States. Routine circumcision is the most widely practiced pediatric surgery and an estimated one to one-and-a-half million newborns, or 80 to 90 percent of the population, are circumcised. (Lund, 1990) Despite these statistics, circumcision still remains a topic of great debate. The medical community is examining the need for a surgical procedure that is historically based on religious and cultural doctrine and not of medical necessity. Possible complications of circumcision include hemorrhage, infection, surgical trauma, and pain. (Gelbaum, 1992) Unless absolute medical indications exist, why should male infants be exposed to these risks? In essence, our society has perpetuated an unnecessary surgical procedure that permanently alters a normal, healthy body part. This paper examines the literature surrounding the debate over circumcision, delineates the flaws that exist in the research, and discusses the nurse's role in the circumcision debate. Review of Literature Many studies performed worldwide suggest a relationship between lack of circumcision and urinary tract infection (UTI). In 1982, Ginsberg and McCracken described a case series of infants five days to eight months of age hospitalized with UTI. (Thompson, 1990) Of the total infant population hospitalized with UTI, sixty-two were males and only three were circumcised. (Thompson, 1990) Based on this information, the researchers speculated that, "the uncircumcised male has an increased susceptibili... ...a cultural and religious ritual and has been maintained over the decades despite the risks associated with this nonessential, surgical procedure. The current literature does not reveal a need for circumcision in the neonate. However, circumcision in the male neonate will continue to be a topic of wide debate until the risks can be shown, without a doubt, to outweigh the benefits. Circumcision has truly become a social norm in our country that the medical community attempts to justify with weak and inaccurate research. According to the ANA, it is not the role of the nurse to decide for the parent on the need for circumcision in the infant. Rather, it is the nurse's role to present all of the information in an unbiased manner and remain an advocate of the rights of the patient. Nurse's need to realistically analyze the data available and decide if they truly are an advocate, or are merely following in the steps of their colleagues. References American Nurses Association (1991). Standards of clinical nursing practice. Washington, D.C.: American Nurses Association. Gelbaum, I. (1992). Circumcision to educate not indoctrinate-a mandate for certified nurse-midwives. Journal of Nurse- hopemorgan1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/06161808827070899174noreply@blogger.com0